fix(editor): ensure canvas is cleared when background color is invalid to prevent ghosting (#11458)

Co-authored-by: dwelle <5153846+dwelle@users.noreply.github.com>

.codesandbox/Dockerfile

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-FROM node:18-bullseye
+FROM node:24-bullseye
 
 # Vite wants to open the browser using `open`, so we
 # need to install those utils.

.env.test

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# VITE_DEBUG_DOM
+#   When "true", testing-library failures (waitFor / getBy*) include the full
+#   serialized DOM in the error message. It's off by default because it's noisy.
+#
+#   Flip it to "true" (or use `VITE_DEBUG_DOM=true yarn test`) when you need to
+#   inspect the DOM of a failing test.
+VITE_DEBUG_DOM=false

.github/workflows/autorelease-excalidraw.yml

@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5 # v4
         with:
           fetch-depth: 2
       - name: Setup Node.js
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v2
+        uses: actions/setup-node@49933ea5288caeca8642d1e84afbd3f7d6820020 # v4
         with:
           node-version: 20.x
       - name: Set up publish access

.github/workflows/build-docker.yml

@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@ jobs:
   build-docker:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5 # v4
       - run: docker build -t excalidraw .

.github/workflows/cancel.yml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     timeout-minutes: 3
     steps:
-      - uses: styfle/cancel-workflow-action@0.6.0
+      - uses: styfle/cancel-workflow-action@ce177499ccf9fd2aded3b0426c97e5434c2e8a73 # 0.6.0
         with:
           workflow_id: 400555, 400556, 905313, 1451724, 1710116, 3185001, 3438604
           access_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/lint.yml

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5 # v4
 
       - name: Setup Node.js
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v2
+        uses: actions/setup-node@49933ea5288caeca8642d1e84afbd3f7d6820020 # v4
         with:
           node-version: 20.x
 

.github/workflows/locales-coverage.yml

@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5 # v4
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.PUSH_TRANSLATIONS_COVERAGE_PAT }}
 
       - name: Setup Node.js
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v2
+        uses: actions/setup-node@49933ea5288caeca8642d1e84afbd3f7d6820020 # v4
         with:
           node-version: 20.x
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ jobs:
           echo ::set-output name=body::$body
 
       - name: Update description with coverage
-        uses: kt3k/update-pr-description@v1.0.1
+        uses: kt3k/update-pr-description@1b35a6dcd84d81aa0bc1889610efdcde7f37b0c0 # v1.0.1
         with:
           pr_body: ${{ steps.getCommentBody.outputs.body }}
           pr_title: "chore: Update translations from Crowdin"

.github/workflows/publish-docker.yml

@@ -11,18 +11,18 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5 # v4
       - name: Login to DockerHub
-        uses: docker/login-action@v2
+        uses: docker/login-action@465a07811f14bebb1938fbed4728c6a1ff8901fc # v2
         with:
           username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USERNAME }}
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_PASSWORD }}
       - name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@c7c53464625b32c7a7e944ae62b3e17d2b600130 # v3
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@8d2750c68a42422c14e847fe6c8ac0403b4cbd6f # v3
       - name: Build and push
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@ca052bb54ab0790a636c9b5f226502c73d547a25 # v5
         with:
           context: .
           push: true

.github/workflows/semantic-pr-title.yml

@@ -6,11 +6,97 @@ on:
       - opened
       - edited
       - synchronize
+      - labeled
+      - unlabeled
 
 jobs:
   semantic:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      pull-requests: read
     steps:
-      - uses: amannn/action-semantic-pull-request@v5
+      - uses: amannn/action-semantic-pull-request@e32d7e603df1aa1ba07e981f2a23455dee596825 # v5
+        with:
+          requireScope: true
+          scopes: |
+            app
+            editor
+            packages/excalidraw
+            packages/utils
+            docker
+            repo
+          ignoreLabels: |
+            skip-semantic-title
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+  label-scope:
+    needs: semantic
+    if: github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      issues: write
+      pull-requests: write
+    steps:
+      - name: Label scoped PR
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          PR_NUMBER: ${{ github.event.pull_request.number }}
+          PR_TITLE: ${{ github.event.pull_request.title }}
+          REPOSITORY: ${{ github.repository }}
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+
+          scope_labels=(s-app s-editor s-package)
+
+          readarray -t desired_labels < <(
+            node <<'NODE'
+          const title = process.env.PR_TITLE;
+          const match = title.match(/^[a-z]+(?:\(([^)]+)\))?!?:/i);
+          const scopes = match?.[1]?.split(",").map((scope) => scope.trim()) ?? [];
+          const labels = new Set();
+
+          for (const scope of scopes) {
+            if (scope === "app") {
+              labels.add("s-app");
+            } else if (scope === "editor") {
+              labels.add("s-editor");
+            } else if (scope.startsWith("packages/")) {
+              labels.add("s-package");
+            }
+          }
+
+          process.stdout.write([...labels].join("\n"));
+          NODE
+          )
+
+          should_apply_label() {
+            local label="$1"
+
+            for desired_label in "${desired_labels[@]}"; do
+              if [[ "$desired_label" == "$label" ]]; then
+                return 0
+              fi
+            done
+
+            return 1
+          }
+
+          for label in "${scope_labels[@]}"; do
+            if ! should_apply_label "$label"; then
+              gh api \
+                --method DELETE \
+                "repos/${REPOSITORY}/issues/${PR_NUMBER}/labels/${label}" \
+                --silent 2>/dev/null || true
+            fi
+          done
+
+          for label in "${desired_labels[@]}"; do
+            if ! gh api \
+              --method POST \
+              "repos/${REPOSITORY}/issues/${PR_NUMBER}/labels" \
+              --field "labels[]=${label}" \
+              --silent; then
+              echo "::warning::Could not apply ${label}. The workflow token likely does not have issues:write permission for this PR."
+            fi
+          done

.github/workflows/sentry-production.yml

@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ jobs:
   sentry:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5 # v4
       - name: Setup Node.js
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v2
+        uses: actions/setup-node@49933ea5288caeca8642d1e84afbd3f7d6820020 # v4
         with:
           node-version: 20.x
       - name: Install and build

.github/workflows/size-limit.yml

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ jobs:
       CI_JOB_NUMBER: 1
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5 # v4
       - name: Setup Node.js
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+        uses: actions/setup-node@49933ea5288caeca8642d1e84afbd3f7d6820020 # v4
         with:
           node-version: 20.x
       - name: Install in packages/excalidraw
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
         working-directory: packages/excalidraw
         env:
           CI: true
-      - uses: andresz1/size-limit-action@v1
+      - uses: andresz1/size-limit-action@e7493a72a44b113341c0cf6186ab49c17c4b65c1 # v1
         with:
           github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
           build_script: build:esm

.github/workflows/test-coverage-pr.yml

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ jobs:
       pull-requests: write
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5 # v4
       - name: "Install Node"
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v2
+        uses: actions/setup-node@49933ea5288caeca8642d1e84afbd3f7d6820020 # v4
         with:
           node-version: "20.x"
       - name: "Install Deps"
@@ -21,6 +21,6 @@ jobs:
         run: yarn test:coverage
       - name: "Report Coverage"
         if: always() # Also generate the report if tests are failing
-        uses: davelosert/vitest-coverage-report-action@v2
+        uses: davelosert/vitest-coverage-report-action@2500dafcee7dd64f85ab689c0b83798a8359770e # v2
         with:
           github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ jobs:
   test:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5 # v4
       - name: Setup Node.js
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        uses: actions/setup-node@49933ea5288caeca8642d1e84afbd3f7d6820020 # v4
         with:
           node-version: 20.x
       - name: Install and test

Dockerfile

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} node:18 AS build
+FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} node:24@sha256:8530f76a96d88820d288761f022e318970dda93d01536919fbc16076b7983e63 AS build
 
 WORKDIR /opt/node_app
 
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ COPY . .
 # do not ignore optional dependencies:
 # Error: Cannot find module @rollup/rollup-linux-x64-gnu
 RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/yarn \
-    npm_config_target_arch=${TARGETARCH} yarn --network-timeout 600000
+    npm_config_target_arch=${TARGETARCH} yarn --frozen-lockfile --network-timeout 600000
 
 ARG NODE_ENV=production
 
 RUN npm_config_target_arch=${TARGETARCH} yarn build:app:docker
 
-FROM --platform=${TARGETPLATFORM} nginx:1.27-alpine
+FROM nginx:stable-alpine-slim@sha256:2c605dbeab79a6b2a63340474fe58119d0ef95bdc4b1f41df0aa689659b3d13b
 
 COPY --from=build /opt/node_app/excalidraw-app/build /usr/share/nginx/html
 

README.md

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
   <a href="https://docs.excalidraw.com/docs/introduction/contributing">
     <img alt="PRs welcome!" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/PRs-welcome-brightgreen.svg?style=flat"  /></a>
   <a href="https://discord.gg/UexuTaE">
-    <img alt="Chat on Discord" src="https://img.shields.io/discord/723672430744174682?color=738ad6&label=Chat%20on%20Discord&logo=discord&logoColor=ffffff&widge=false"/></a>
+    <img alt="Chat on Discord" src="https://img.shields.io/discord/723672430744174682?color=738ad6&label=Chat%20on%20Discord&logo=discord&logoColor=ffffff&widget=false"/></a>
   <a href="https://deepwiki.com/excalidraw/excalidraw">
     <img alt="Ask DeepWiki" src="https://deepwiki.com/badge.svg" /></a>
   <a href="https://twitter.com/excalidraw">

dev-docs/docs/@excalidraw/excalidraw/api/excalidraw-element-skeleton.mdx

@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ convertToExcalidrawElements([
     type: "arrow",
     x: 450,
     y: 20,
-    startArrowhead: "dot",
+    startArrowhead: "circle",
     endArrowhead: "triangle",
     strokeColor: "#1971c2",
     strokeWidth: 2,

dev-docs/docusaurus.config.js

@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ const config = {
                 href: "https://discord.gg/UexuTaE",
               },
               {
-                label: "Twitter",
-                href: "https://twitter.com/excalidraw",
+                label: "𝕏",
+                href: "https://x.com/excalidraw",
               },
               {
                 label: "Linkedin",

examples/with-script-in-browser/initialData.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { ExcalidrawElementSkeleton } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw/data/transform";
+import type { ExcalidrawElementSkeleton } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw/element/transform";
 import type { FileId } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw/element/types";
 
 const elements: ExcalidrawElementSkeleton[] = [

excalidraw-app/App.tsx

@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import Trans from "@excalidraw/excalidraw/components/Trans";
 import {
   APP_NAME,
   EVENT,
-  THEME,
   VERSION_TIMEOUT,
   debounce,
   getVersion,
@@ -952,6 +951,7 @@ const ExcalidrawWrapper = () => {
         handleKeyboardGlobally={true}
         autoFocus={true}
         theme={editorTheme}
+        onThemeChange={setAppTheme}
         renderTopRightUI={(isMobile) => {
           if (isMobile || !collabAPI || isCollabDisabled) {
             return null;
@@ -988,7 +988,6 @@ const ExcalidrawWrapper = () => {
           isCollaborating={isCollaborating}
           isCollabEnabled={!isCollabDisabled}
           theme={appTheme}
-          setTheme={(theme) => setAppTheme(theme)}
           refresh={() => forceRefresh((prev) => !prev)}
         />
         <AppWelcomeScreen
@@ -1229,14 +1228,6 @@ const ExcalidrawWrapper = () => {
                 }
               },
             },
-            {
-              ...CommandPalette.defaultItems.toggleTheme,
-              perform: () => {
-                setAppTheme(
-                  editorTheme === THEME.DARK ? THEME.LIGHT : THEME.DARK,
-                );
-              },
-            },
             {
               label: t("labels.installPWA"),
               category: DEFAULT_CATEGORIES.app,

excalidraw-app/components/AppMainMenu.tsx

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ export const AppMainMenu: React.FC<{
   isCollaborating: boolean;
   isCollabEnabled: boolean;
   theme: Theme | "system";
-  setTheme: (theme: Theme | "system") => void;
   refresh: () => void;
 }> = React.memo((props) => {
   return (
@@ -78,11 +77,7 @@ export const AppMainMenu: React.FC<{
       )}
       <MainMenu.Separator />
       <MainMenu.DefaultItems.Preferences />
-      <MainMenu.DefaultItems.ToggleTheme
-        allowSystemTheme
-        theme={props.theme}
-        onSelect={props.setTheme}
-      />
+      <MainMenu.DefaultItems.ToggleTheme allowSystemTheme theme={props.theme} />
       <MainMenu.ItemCustom>
         <LanguageList style={{ width: "100%" }} />
       </MainMenu.ItemCustom>

excalidraw-app/data/LocalData.ts

@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ import {
   get,
 } from "idb-keyval";
 
-import { appJotaiStore, atom } from "excalidraw-app/app-jotai";
 import { getNonDeletedElements } from "@excalidraw/element";
 
 import type { LibraryPersistedData } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw/data/library";
@@ -39,6 +38,7 @@ import type {
 } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw/types";
 import type { MaybePromise } from "@excalidraw/common/utility-types";
 
+import { appJotaiStore, atom } from "../app-jotai";
 import { SAVE_TO_LOCAL_STORAGE_TIMEOUT, STORAGE_KEYS } from "../app_constants";
 
 import { FileManager } from "./FileManager";

excalidraw-app/useHandleAppTheme.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { THEME } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw";
-import { EVENT, CODES, KEYS } from "@excalidraw/common";
 import { useEffect, useLayoutEffect, useState } from "react";
 
 import type { Theme } from "@excalidraw/element/types";
@@ -31,28 +30,10 @@ export const useHandleAppTheme = () => {
       mediaQuery?.addEventListener("change", handleChange);
     }
 
-    const handleKeydown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
-      if (
-        !event[KEYS.CTRL_OR_CMD] &&
-        event.altKey &&
-        event.shiftKey &&
-        event.code === CODES.D
-      ) {
-        event.preventDefault();
-        event.stopImmediatePropagation();
-        setAppTheme(editorTheme === THEME.DARK ? THEME.LIGHT : THEME.DARK);
-      }
-    };
-
-    document.addEventListener(EVENT.KEYDOWN, handleKeydown, { capture: true });
-
     return () => {
       mediaQuery?.removeEventListener("change", handleChange);
-      document.removeEventListener(EVENT.KEYDOWN, handleKeydown, {
-        capture: true,
-      });
     };
-  }, [appTheme, editorTheme, setAppTheme]);
+  }, [appTheme]);
 
   useLayoutEffect(() => {
     localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEYS.LOCAL_STORAGE_THEME, appTheme);

excalidraw-app/vite.config.mts

@@ -75,6 +75,20 @@ export default defineConfig(({ mode }) => {
           find: /^@excalidraw\/utils\/(.*?)/,
           replacement: path.resolve(__dirname, "../packages/utils/src/$1"),
         },
+        {
+          find: /^@excalidraw\/fractional-indexing$/,
+          replacement: path.resolve(
+            __dirname,
+            "../packages/fractional-indexing/src/index.ts",
+          ),
+        },
+        {
+          find: /^@excalidraw\/laser-pointer$/,
+          replacement: path.resolve(
+            __dirname,
+            "../packages/laser-pointer/src/index.ts",
+          ),
+        },
       ],
     },
     build: {

package.json

@@ -56,7 +56,9 @@
     "build:element": "yarn --cwd ./packages/element build:esm",
     "build:excalidraw": "yarn --cwd ./packages/excalidraw build:esm",
     "build:math": "yarn --cwd ./packages/math build:esm",
-    "build:packages": "yarn build:common && yarn build:math && yarn build:element && yarn build:excalidraw",
+    "build:fractional-indexing": "yarn --cwd ./packages/fractional-indexing build:esm",
+    "build:laser-pointer": "yarn --cwd ./packages/laser-pointer build:esm",
+    "build:packages": "yarn build:common && yarn build:fractional-indexing && yarn build:laser-pointer && yarn build:math && yarn build:element && yarn build:excalidraw",
     "build:version": "yarn --cwd ./excalidraw-app build:version",
     "build": "yarn --cwd ./excalidraw-app build",
     "build:preview": "yarn --cwd ./excalidraw-app build:preview",

packages/common/src/colors.ts

@@ -80,7 +80,11 @@ const cssInvert = (
   return { r: invertedR, g: invertedG, b: invertedB };
 };
 
-export const applyDarkModeFilter = (color: string): string => {
+export const applyDarkModeFilter = (color: string, enable = true): string => {
+  if (!enable) {
+    return color;
+  }
+
   const cached = DARK_MODE_COLORS_CACHE?.get(color);
   if (cached) {
     return cached;

packages/common/src/constants.ts

@@ -337,9 +337,10 @@ export const MAX_DECIMALS_FOR_SVG_EXPORT = 2;
 export const EXPORT_SCALES = [1, 2, 3];
 export const DEFAULT_EXPORT_PADDING = 10; // px
 
-export const DEFAULT_MAX_IMAGE_WIDTH_OR_HEIGHT = 1440;
-
-export const MAX_ALLOWED_FILE_BYTES = 4 * 1024 * 1024;
+export const DEFAULT_IMAGE_OPTIONS: AppProps["imageOptions"] = {
+  maxWidthOrHeight: 1440,
+  maxFileSizeBytes: 4 * 1024 * 1024,
+};
 
 export const SVG_NS = "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg";
 export const SVG_DOCUMENT_PREAMBLE = `<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
@@ -403,11 +404,47 @@ export const ROUGHNESS = {
   cartoonist: 2,
 } as const;
 
-export const STROKE_WIDTH = {
+export type StrokeWidthKey = "thin" | "medium" | "bold";
+
+export const STROKE_WIDTH_KEYS: readonly StrokeWidthKey[] = [
+  "thin",
+  "medium",
+  "bold",
+];
+
+export const STROKE_WIDTH: Readonly<
+  Record<StrokeWidthKey | "extraBold", ExcalidrawElement["strokeWidth"]>
+> = {
   thin: 1,
+  medium: 2,
+  bold: 4,
+  extraBold: 8, // unused (may be introduced in the future)
+};
+
+// freedraw schema 2.0 uses thinner stroke, but to maintain backwards and
+// forwards compatibility, instead of changing the shape renderer, we scale
+// the stroke width by 1/2 (previous, thin was 1, medium 2 etc.)
+//
+// note that in the UI, STROKE_WIDTH.thin == FREEDRAW_STROKE_WIDTH.thin still
+export const FREEDRAW_STROKE_WIDTH: Readonly<
+  Record<StrokeWidthKey | "extraBold", ExcalidrawElement["strokeWidth"]>
+> = {
+  thin: 0.5,
+  medium: 1,
   bold: 2,
-  extraBold: 4,
-} as const;
+  extraBold: 4, // legacy (may be used again in the future)
+};
+
+export const getStrokeWidthByKey = (
+  elementType: ExcalidrawElement["type"],
+  strokeWidthKey: StrokeWidthKey,
+): ExcalidrawElement["strokeWidth"] => {
+  return elementType === "freedraw"
+    ? FREEDRAW_STROKE_WIDTH[strokeWidthKey]
+    : STROKE_WIDTH[strokeWidthKey];
+};
+
+export const DEFAULT_ELEMENT_STROKE_WIDTH_KEY: StrokeWidthKey = "medium";
 
 export const DEFAULT_ELEMENT_PROPS: {
   strokeColor: ExcalidrawElement["strokeColor"];
@@ -422,7 +459,7 @@ export const DEFAULT_ELEMENT_PROPS: {
   strokeColor: COLOR_PALETTE.black,
   backgroundColor: COLOR_PALETTE.transparent,
   fillStyle: "solid",
-  strokeWidth: 2,
+  strokeWidth: STROKE_WIDTH[DEFAULT_ELEMENT_STROKE_WIDTH_KEY],
   strokeStyle: "solid",
   roughness: ROUGHNESS.artist,
   opacity: 100,
@@ -513,3 +550,6 @@ export const BIND_MODE_TIMEOUT = 700; // ms
 export const MOBILE_ACTION_BUTTON_BG = {
   background: "var(--mobile-action-button-bg)",
 } as const;
+
+export const DEFAULT_STROKE_STREAMLINE = 0.5;
+export const DEFAULT_STROKE_STREAMLINE_PRECISE = 0.2;

packages/common/src/utils.ts

@@ -204,135 +204,6 @@ export const easeOut = (k: number) => {
   return 1 - Math.pow(1 - k, 4);
 };
 
-const easeOutInterpolate = (from: number, to: number, progress: number) => {
-  return (to - from) * easeOut(progress) + from;
-};
-
-/**
- * Animates values from `fromValues` to `toValues` using the requestAnimationFrame API.
- * Executes the `onStep` callback on each step with the interpolated values.
- * Returns a function that can be called to cancel the animation.
- *
- * @example
- * // Example usage:
- * const fromValues = { x: 0, y: 0 };
- * const toValues = { x: 100, y: 200 };
- * const onStep = ({x, y}) => {
- *   setState(x, y)
- * };
- * const onCancel = () => {
- *   console.log("Animation canceled");
- * };
- *
- * const cancelAnimation = easeToValuesRAF({
- *   fromValues,
- *   toValues,
- *   onStep,
- *   onCancel,
- * });
- *
- * // To cancel the animation:
- * cancelAnimation();
- */
-export const easeToValuesRAF = <
-  T extends Record<keyof T, number>,
-  K extends keyof T,
->({
-  fromValues,
-  toValues,
-  onStep,
-  duration = 250,
-  interpolateValue,
-  onStart,
-  onEnd,
-  onCancel,
-}: {
-  fromValues: T;
-  toValues: T;
-  /**
-   * Interpolate a single value.
-   * Return undefined to be handled by the default interpolator.
-   */
-  interpolateValue?: (
-    fromValue: number,
-    toValue: number,
-    /** no easing applied  */
-    progress: number,
-    key: K,
-  ) => number | undefined;
-  onStep: (values: T) => void;
-  duration?: number;
-  onStart?: () => void;
-  onEnd?: () => void;
-  onCancel?: () => void;
-}) => {
-  let canceled = false;
-  let frameId = 0;
-  let startTime: number;
-
-  function step(timestamp: number) {
-    if (canceled) {
-      return;
-    }
-    if (startTime === undefined) {
-      startTime = timestamp;
-      onStart?.();
-    }
-
-    const elapsed = Math.min(timestamp - startTime, duration);
-    const factor = easeOut(elapsed / duration);
-
-    const newValues = {} as T;
-
-    Object.keys(fromValues).forEach((key) => {
-      const _key = key as keyof T;
-      const result = ((toValues[_key] - fromValues[_key]) * factor +
-        fromValues[_key]) as T[keyof T];
-      newValues[_key] = result;
-    });
-
-    onStep(newValues);
-
-    if (elapsed < duration) {
-      const progress = elapsed / duration;
-
-      const newValues = {} as T;
-
-      Object.keys(fromValues).forEach((key) => {
-        const _key = key as K;
-        const startValue = fromValues[_key];
-        const endValue = toValues[_key];
-
-        let result;
-
-        result = interpolateValue
-          ? interpolateValue(startValue, endValue, progress, _key)
-          : easeOutInterpolate(startValue, endValue, progress);
-
-        if (result == null) {
-          result = easeOutInterpolate(startValue, endValue, progress);
-        }
-
-        newValues[_key] = result as T[K];
-      });
-      onStep(newValues);
-
-      frameId = window.requestAnimationFrame(step);
-    } else {
-      onStep(toValues);
-      onEnd?.();
-    }
-  }
-
-  frameId = window.requestAnimationFrame(step);
-
-  return () => {
-    onCancel?.();
-    canceled = true;
-    window.cancelAnimationFrame(frameId);
-  };
-};
-
 // https://github.com/lodash/lodash/blob/es/chunk.js
 export const chunk = <T extends any>(
   array: readonly T[],

packages/common/tests/binary-heap.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+import { BinaryHeap } from "../src/binary-heap";
+
+describe("BinaryHeap", () => {
+  const numberHeap = () => new BinaryHeap<number>((n) => n);
+
+  const drain = (heap: BinaryHeap<number>) => {
+    const out: number[] = [];
+    while (heap.size() > 0) {
+      out.push(heap.pop()!);
+    }
+    return out;
+  };
+
+  describe("empty heap", () => {
+    it("has size 0", () => {
+      expect(numberHeap().size()).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    it("pop() returns null", () => {
+      expect(numberHeap().pop()).toBe(null);
+    });
+
+    it("remove() is a no-op and does not throw", () => {
+      const heap = numberHeap();
+      expect(() => heap.remove(1)).not.toThrow();
+      expect(heap.size()).toBe(0);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("push / pop", () => {
+    it("tracks size as items are added and removed", () => {
+      const heap = numberHeap();
+      [3, 1, 2].forEach((n) => heap.push(n));
+      expect(heap.size()).toBe(3);
+
+      heap.pop();
+      expect(heap.size()).toBe(2);
+    });
+
+    it("pops a single pushed element back out", () => {
+      const heap = numberHeap();
+      heap.push(42);
+      expect(heap.pop()).toBe(42);
+      expect(heap.pop()).toBe(null);
+    });
+
+    it("always pops the smallest score first", () => {
+      const heap = numberHeap();
+      [5, 3, 8, 1, 9, 2, 7].forEach((n) => heap.push(n));
+      expect(drain(heap)).toEqual([1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9]);
+    });
+
+    it("handles duplicate scores", () => {
+      const heap = numberHeap();
+      [4, 1, 4, 1, 2].forEach((n) => heap.push(n));
+      expect(drain(heap)).toEqual([1, 1, 2, 4, 4]);
+    });
+
+    it("maintains the heap invariant for a large adversarial (reverse-sorted) input", () => {
+      const heap = numberHeap();
+      // pushing in descending order forces a sift-up on every insert
+      const input = Array.from({ length: 1000 }, (_, i) => 1000 - i);
+      input.forEach((n) => heap.push(n));
+      expect(drain(heap)).toEqual([...input].sort((a, b) => a - b));
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("remove", () => {
+    it("removes an interior element and keeps the rest ordered", () => {
+      const heap = numberHeap();
+      [5, 3, 8, 1, 9].forEach((n) => heap.push(n));
+
+      heap.remove(8);
+
+      expect(heap.size()).toBe(4);
+      expect(drain(heap)).toEqual([1, 3, 5, 9]);
+    });
+
+    it("can remove the current minimum", () => {
+      const heap = numberHeap();
+      [5, 3, 8, 1, 9].forEach((n) => heap.push(n));
+
+      heap.remove(1);
+
+      expect(heap.size()).toBe(4);
+      expect(heap.pop()).toBe(3);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("rescoreElement", () => {
+    type Node = { id: string; f: number };
+
+    it("re-sorts a node after its score is lowered", () => {
+      const heap = new BinaryHeap<Node>((node) => node.f);
+
+      const a = { id: "a", f: 10 };
+      const b = { id: "b", f: 20 };
+      const c = { id: "c", f: 30 };
+      [a, b, c].forEach((node) => heap.push(node));
+
+      c.f = 5;
+      heap.rescoreElement(c);
+
+      expect(heap.pop()).toBe(c);
+      expect(heap.pop()).toBe(a);
+      expect(heap.pop()).toBe(b);
+    });
+  });
+});

packages/common/tsconfig.json

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 {
   "extends": "../tsconfig.base.json",
   "compilerOptions": {
-    "outDir": "./dist/types"
+    "outDir": "./dist/types",
+    "rootDir": "../"
   },
   "include": ["src/**/*", "global.d.ts"],
   "exclude": ["**/*.test.*", "tests", "types", "examples", "dist"]

packages/element/package.json

@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "@excalidraw/common": "0.18.0",
-    "@excalidraw/math": "0.18.0"
+    "@excalidraw/math": "0.18.0",
+    "@excalidraw/fractional-indexing": "3.3.0"
   }
 }

packages/element/src/Scene.ts

@@ -338,29 +338,20 @@ export class Scene {
     this.callbacks.clear();
   }
 
-  insertElementAtIndex(element: ExcalidrawElement, index: number) {
-    if (!Number.isFinite(index) || index < 0) {
-      throw new Error(
-        "insertElementAtIndex can only be called with index >= 0",
-      );
-    }
-
-    const nextElements = [
-      ...this.elements.slice(0, index),
-      element,
-      ...this.elements.slice(index),
-    ];
-
-    syncMovedIndices(nextElements, arrayToMap([element]));
-
-    this.replaceAllElements(nextElements);
-  }
-
-  insertElementsAtIndex(elements: ExcalidrawElement[], index: number) {
+  /** low-level - generally use app.insertNewElements() */
+  insertElementsAtIndex(
+    elements: ExcalidrawElement[],
+    /** null indicates end of the array */
+    index: number | null,
+  ) {
     if (!elements.length) {
       return;
     }
 
+    if (index === null) {
+      index = this.elements.length;
+    }
+
     if (!Number.isFinite(index) || index < 0) {
       throw new Error(
         "insertElementAtIndex can only be called with index >= 0",
@@ -378,24 +369,9 @@ export class Scene {
     this.replaceAllElements(nextElements);
   }
 
+  /** low-level - generally use app.insertNewElement() */
   insertElement = (element: ExcalidrawElement) => {
-    const index = element.frameId
-      ? this.getElementIndex(element.frameId)
-      : this.elements.length;
-
-    this.insertElementAtIndex(element, index);
-  };
-
-  insertElements = (elements: ExcalidrawElement[]) => {
-    if (!elements.length) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const index = elements[0]?.frameId
-      ? this.getElementIndex(elements[0].frameId)
-      : this.elements.length;
-
-    this.insertElementsAtIndex(elements, index);
+    this.insertElementsAtIndex([element], null);
   };
 
   getElementIndex(elementId: string) {

packages/element/src/arrowheads.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import type { Arrowhead, AnyArrowhead } from "./types";
+
+export const normalizeArrowhead = (
+  arrowhead: AnyArrowhead | null | undefined,
+): Arrowhead | null => {
+  switch (arrowhead) {
+    case undefined:
+    case null:
+      return null;
+    case "dot":
+      return "circle";
+    case "crowfoot_one":
+      return "cardinality_one";
+    case "crowfoot_many":
+      return "cardinality_many";
+    case "crowfoot_one_or_many":
+      return "cardinality_one_or_many";
+    default:
+      return arrowhead;
+  }
+};
+
+export const getArrowheadForPicker = (
+  arrowhead: AnyArrowhead | null | undefined,
+): Arrowhead | null => {
+  const normalizedArrowhead = normalizeArrowhead(arrowhead);
+  if (normalizedArrowhead === null) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return normalizedArrowhead;
+};

packages/element/src/binding.ts

@@ -643,10 +643,13 @@ const getBindingStrategyForDraggingBindingElementEndpoints_simple = (
   let start: BindingStrategy = { mode: undefined };
   let end: BindingStrategy = { mode: undefined };
 
-  invariant(
-    arrow.points.length > 1,
-    "Do not attempt to bind linear elements with a single point",
-  );
+  if (arrow.points.length < 2) {
+    console.error(
+      "Attempting to bind a linear element with less than 2 points",
+    );
+    // a single-point can't be bound -> cancel
+    return { start: { mode: undefined }, end: { mode: undefined } };
+  }
 
   // If none of the ends are dragged, we don't change anything
   if (!startDragged && !endDragged) {
@@ -734,12 +737,11 @@ const getBindingStrategyForDraggingBindingElementEndpoints_simple = (
     });
 
   // Handle outside-outside binding to the same element
-  if (otherBinding && otherBinding.elementId === hit?.id) {
-    invariant(
-      !opts?.newArrow || appState.selectedLinearElement?.initialState.origin,
-      "appState.selectedLinearElement.initialState.origin must be defined for new arrows",
-    );
-
+  if (
+    otherBinding &&
+    otherBinding.elementId === hit?.id &&
+    (!opts?.newArrow || appState.selectedLinearElement?.initialState.origin)
+  ) {
     return {
       start: {
         mode: "inside",
@@ -891,10 +893,13 @@ const getBindingStrategyForDraggingBindingElementEndpoints_complex = (
   let start: BindingStrategy = { mode: undefined };
   let end: BindingStrategy = { mode: undefined };
 
-  invariant(
-    arrow.points.length > 1,
-    "Do not attempt to bind linear elements with a single point",
-  );
+  if (arrow.points.length < 2) {
+    console.error(
+      "Attempting to bind a linear element with less than 2 points",
+    );
+    // a single-point can't be bound -> cancel
+    return { start: { mode: undefined }, end: { mode: undefined } };
+  }
 
   // If none of the ends are dragged, we don't change anything
   if (!startDragged && !endDragged) {
@@ -1943,9 +1948,9 @@ export const calculateFixedPointForElbowArrowBinding = (
   return {
     fixedPoint: normalizeFixedPoint([
       (nonRotatedSnappedGlobalPoint[0] - hoveredElement.x) /
-        hoveredElement.width,
+        Math.max(hoveredElement.width, PRECISION),
       (nonRotatedSnappedGlobalPoint[1] - hoveredElement.y) /
-        hoveredElement.height,
+        Math.max(hoveredElement.height, PRECISION),
     ]),
   };
 };
@@ -1976,9 +1981,11 @@ export const calculateFixedPointForNonElbowArrowBinding = (
 
   // Calculate the ratio relative to the element's bounds
   const fixedPointX =
-    (nonRotatedPoint[0] - hoveredElement.x) / hoveredElement.width;
+    (nonRotatedPoint[0] - hoveredElement.x) /
+    Math.max(hoveredElement.width, PRECISION);
   const fixedPointY =
-    (nonRotatedPoint[1] - hoveredElement.y) / hoveredElement.height;
+    (nonRotatedPoint[1] - hoveredElement.y) /
+    Math.max(hoveredElement.height, PRECISION);
 
   return {
     fixedPoint: normalizeFixedPoint([fixedPointX, fixedPointY]),

packages/element/src/bounds.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import rough from "roughjs/bin/rough";
-
 import {
   arrayToMap,
   type Bounds,
@@ -7,7 +6,6 @@ import {
   rescalePoints,
   sizeOf,
 } from "@excalidraw/common";
-
 import {
   degreesToRadians,
   lineSegment,
@@ -16,9 +14,7 @@ import {
   pointFromArray,
   pointRotateRads,
 } from "@excalidraw/math";
-
 import { getCurvePathOps } from "@excalidraw/utils/shape";
-
 import { pointsOnBezierCurves } from "points-on-curve";
 
 import type {
@@ -29,9 +25,7 @@ import type {
   LocalPoint,
   Radians,
 } from "@excalidraw/math";
-
 import type { AppState } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw/types";
-
 import type { Mutable } from "@excalidraw/common/utility-types";
 
 import { generateRoughOptions } from "./shape";
@@ -41,18 +35,20 @@ import { getBoundTextElement, getContainerElement } from "./textElement";
 import {
   isArrowElement,
   isBoundToContainer,
+  isFrameLikeElement,
   isFreeDrawElement,
   isLinearElement,
   isLineElement,
   isTextElement,
+  isExcalidrawElement,
 } from "./typeChecks";
-
 import { getElementShape } from "./shape";
-
 import {
   deconstructDiamondElement,
   deconstructRectanguloidElement,
 } from "./utils";
+import { intersectElementWithLineSegment } from "./collision";
+import { elementOverlapsWithFrame, getContainingFrame } from "./frame";
 
 import type { Drawable, Op } from "roughjs/bin/core";
 import type { Point as RoughPoint } from "roughjs/bin/geometry";
@@ -67,6 +63,7 @@ import type {
   ExcalidrawRectanguloidElement,
   ExcalidrawTextElementWithContainer,
   NonDeleted,
+  NonDeletedExcalidrawElement,
 } from "./types";
 
 export type RectangleBox = {
@@ -680,8 +677,9 @@ export const getMinMaxXYFromCurvePathOps = (
   return [minX, minY, maxX, maxY];
 };
 
-export const getBoundsFromPoints = (
-  points: ExcalidrawFreeDrawElement["points"],
+export const getBoundsFromPoints = <P extends GlobalPoint | LocalPoint>(
+  points: readonly P[],
+  padding: number = 0,
 ): Bounds => {
   let minX = Infinity;
   let minY = Infinity;
@@ -695,7 +693,7 @@ export const getBoundsFromPoints = (
     maxY = Math.max(maxY, y);
   }
 
-  return [minX, minY, maxX, maxY];
+  return [minX - padding, minY - padding, maxX + padding, maxY + padding];
 };
 
 const getFreeDrawElementAbsoluteCoords = (
@@ -709,6 +707,9 @@ const getFreeDrawElementAbsoluteCoords = (
   return [x1, y1, x2, y2, (x1 + x2) / 2, (y1 + y2) / 2];
 };
 
+const CARDINALITY_MARKER_SIZE = 20;
+const CROWFOOT_ARROWHEAD_SIZE = 15;
+
 /** @returns number in pixels */
 export const getArrowheadSize = (arrowhead: Arrowhead): number => {
   switch (arrowhead) {
@@ -717,10 +718,14 @@ export const getArrowheadSize = (arrowhead: Arrowhead): number => {
     case "diamond":
     case "diamond_outline":
       return 12;
-    case "crowfoot_many":
-    case "crowfoot_one":
-    case "crowfoot_one_or_many":
-      return 20;
+    case "cardinality_many":
+    case "cardinality_one_or_many":
+    case "cardinality_zero_or_many":
+      return CROWFOOT_ARROWHEAD_SIZE;
+    case "cardinality_one":
+    case "cardinality_exactly_one":
+    case "cardinality_zero_or_one":
+      return CARDINALITY_MARKER_SIZE;
     default:
       return 15;
   }
@@ -743,7 +748,12 @@ export const getArrowheadPoints = (
   shape: Drawable[],
   position: "start" | "end",
   arrowhead: Arrowhead,
+  offsetMultiplier = 0,
 ) => {
+  if (arrowhead === null) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
   if (shape.length < 1) {
     return null;
   }
@@ -824,29 +834,30 @@ export const getArrowheadPoints = (
   const lengthMultiplier =
     arrowhead === "diamond" || arrowhead === "diamond_outline" ? 0.25 : 0.5;
   const minSize = Math.min(size, length * lengthMultiplier);
-  const xs = x2 - nx * minSize;
-  const ys = y2 - ny * minSize;
+  const tx = x2 - nx * minSize * offsetMultiplier;
+  const ty = y2 - ny * minSize * offsetMultiplier;
+  const xs = tx - nx * minSize;
+  const ys = ty - ny * minSize;
 
-  if (
-    arrowhead === "dot" ||
-    arrowhead === "circle" ||
-    arrowhead === "circle_outline"
-  ) {
-    const diameter = Math.hypot(ys - y2, xs - x2) + element.strokeWidth - 2;
-    return [x2, y2, diameter];
+  if (arrowhead === "circle" || arrowhead === "circle_outline") {
+    const diameter = Math.hypot(ys - ty, xs - tx) + element.strokeWidth - 2;
+    return [tx, ty, diameter];
   }
 
   const angle = getArrowheadAngle(arrowhead);
 
-  if (arrowhead === "crowfoot_many" || arrowhead === "crowfoot_one_or_many") {
+  if (
+    arrowhead === "cardinality_many" ||
+    arrowhead === "cardinality_one_or_many"
+  ) {
     // swap (xs, ys) with (x2, y2)
     const [x3, y3] = pointRotateRads(
-      pointFrom(x2, y2),
+      pointFrom(tx, ty),
       pointFrom(xs, ys),
       degreesToRadians(-angle as Degrees),
     );
     const [x4, y4] = pointRotateRads(
-      pointFrom(x2, y2),
+      pointFrom(tx, ty),
       pointFrom(xs, ys),
       degreesToRadians(angle),
     );
@@ -856,12 +867,12 @@ export const getArrowheadPoints = (
   // Return points
   const [x3, y3] = pointRotateRads(
     pointFrom(xs, ys),
-    pointFrom(x2, y2),
+    pointFrom(tx, ty),
     ((-angle * Math.PI) / 180) as Radians,
   );
   const [x4, y4] = pointRotateRads(
     pointFrom(xs, ys),
-    pointFrom(x2, y2),
+    pointFrom(tx, ty),
     degreesToRadians(angle),
   );
 
@@ -874,9 +885,9 @@ export const getArrowheadPoints = (
       const [px, py] = element.points.length > 1 ? element.points[1] : [0, 0];
 
       [ox, oy] = pointRotateRads(
-        pointFrom(x2 + minSize * 2, y2),
-        pointFrom(x2, y2),
-        Math.atan2(py - y2, px - x2) as Radians,
+        pointFrom(tx + minSize * 2, ty),
+        pointFrom(tx, ty),
+        Math.atan2(py - ty, px - tx) as Radians,
       );
     } else {
       const [px, py] =
@@ -885,16 +896,16 @@ export const getArrowheadPoints = (
           : [0, 0];
 
       [ox, oy] = pointRotateRads(
-        pointFrom(x2 - minSize * 2, y2),
-        pointFrom(x2, y2),
-        Math.atan2(y2 - py, x2 - px) as Radians,
+        pointFrom(tx - minSize * 2, ty),
+        pointFrom(tx, ty),
+        Math.atan2(ty - py, tx - px) as Radians,
       );
     }
 
-    return [x2, y2, x3, y3, ox, oy, x4, y4];
+    return [tx, ty, x3, y3, ox, oy, x4, y4];
   }
 
-  return [x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4];
+  return [tx, ty, x3, y3, x4, y4];
 };
 
 // TODO reuse shape.ts
@@ -1248,6 +1259,17 @@ export const pointInsideBounds = <P extends GlobalPoint | LocalPoint>(
 ): boolean =>
   p[0] > bounds[0] && p[0] < bounds[2] && p[1] > bounds[1] && p[1] < bounds[3];
 
+// TODO make pointInsideBounds inclusive and remove this function once we
+// test nothing is breaking
+export const pointInsideBoundsInclusive = <P extends GlobalPoint | LocalPoint>(
+  p: P,
+  bounds: Bounds,
+): boolean =>
+  p[0] >= bounds[0] &&
+  p[0] <= bounds[2] &&
+  p[1] >= bounds[1] &&
+  p[1] <= bounds[3];
+
 export const doBoundsIntersect = (
   bounds1: Bounds | null,
   bounds2: Bounds | null,
@@ -1262,13 +1284,310 @@ export const doBoundsIntersect = (
   return minX1 < maxX2 && maxX1 > minX2 && minY1 < maxY2 && maxY1 > minY2;
 };
 
+export const boundsContainBounds = (outerBounds: Bounds, innerBounds: Bounds) =>
+  [
+    pointFrom<GlobalPoint>(innerBounds[0], innerBounds[1]),
+    pointFrom<GlobalPoint>(innerBounds[0], innerBounds[3]),
+    pointFrom<GlobalPoint>(innerBounds[2], innerBounds[1]),
+    pointFrom<GlobalPoint>(innerBounds[2], innerBounds[3]),
+  ].every((point) => pointInsideBoundsInclusive(point, outerBounds));
+
+/**
+ * High level helper to get elements overlapping a bounding box.
+ * It can be used to get elements overlapping a selection box, for example.
+ *
+ */
+export const elementsOverlappingBBox = ({
+  elements,
+  elementsMap,
+  bounds,
+  type,
+  excludeElementsInFrames,
+  shouldIgnoreElementFromSelection,
+}: {
+  elements: readonly NonDeletedExcalidrawElement[];
+  elementsMap?: ElementsMap;
+  bounds: Bounds | ExcalidrawElement;
+  /**
+   * - overlap: elements overlapping or inside bounds
+   * - contain: elements inside bounds
+   **/
+  type: "contain" | "overlap";
+  excludeElementsInFrames?: boolean;
+  shouldIgnoreElementFromSelection?: (
+    element: NonDeletedExcalidrawElement,
+  ) => boolean;
+}) => {
+  if (!elementsMap) {
+    elementsMap = arrayToMap(elements) as ElementsMap;
+  }
+  const selectionBounds = isExcalidrawElement(bounds)
+    ? getElementBounds(bounds, elementsMap)
+    : bounds;
+  const [selectionX1, selectionY1, selectionX2, selectionY2] = selectionBounds;
+  const selectionEdges = [
+    lineSegment<GlobalPoint>(
+      pointFrom(selectionX1, selectionY1),
+      pointFrom(selectionX2, selectionY1),
+    ),
+    lineSegment<GlobalPoint>(
+      pointFrom(selectionX2, selectionY1),
+      pointFrom(selectionX2, selectionY2),
+    ),
+    lineSegment<GlobalPoint>(
+      pointFrom(selectionX2, selectionY2),
+      pointFrom(selectionX1, selectionY2),
+    ),
+    lineSegment<GlobalPoint>(
+      pointFrom(selectionX1, selectionY2),
+      pointFrom(selectionX1, selectionY1),
+    ),
+  ];
+
+  const framesInSelection = excludeElementsInFrames
+    ? new Set<NonDeletedExcalidrawElement["id"]>()
+    : null;
+  const groups: Record<string, NonDeletedExcalidrawElement[]> = {};
+  const elementsInSelection: Set<NonDeletedExcalidrawElement> = new Set();
+
+  for (const element of elements) {
+    if (shouldIgnoreElementFromSelection?.(element)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // Track only selectable top-level group members, so ignored elements such
+    // as bound text and locked elements don't affect group selection.
+    const groupId = element.groupIds.at(-1);
+    if (groupId) {
+      if (!groups[groupId]) {
+        groups[groupId] = [];
+      }
+      groups[groupId].push(element);
+    }
+
+    const strokeWidth = element.strokeWidth;
+    let labelAABB: Bounds | null = null;
+    let elementAABB = getElementBounds(element, elementsMap);
+
+    elementAABB = [
+      elementAABB[0] - strokeWidth / 2,
+      elementAABB[1] - strokeWidth / 2,
+      elementAABB[2] + strokeWidth / 2,
+      elementAABB[3] + strokeWidth / 2,
+    ] as Bounds;
+
+    // Whether the element bounds should include the bound text element bounds
+    const boundTextElement =
+      isArrowElement(element) && getBoundTextElement(element, elementsMap);
+    if (boundTextElement) {
+      const { x, y } = LinearElementEditor.getBoundTextElementPosition(
+        element,
+        boundTextElement,
+        elementsMap,
+      );
+      labelAABB = [
+        x,
+        y,
+        x + boundTextElement.width,
+        y + boundTextElement.height,
+      ] as Bounds;
+    }
+
+    // Clip element bounds by its containing frame (if any), since only the
+    // visible (frame-clipped) portion of the element is relevant for selection.
+    const associatedFrame = getContainingFrame(element, elementsMap);
+    if (
+      associatedFrame &&
+      elementOverlapsWithFrame(element, associatedFrame, elementsMap)
+    ) {
+      const frameAABB = getElementBounds(associatedFrame, elementsMap);
+      elementAABB = [
+        Math.max(elementAABB[0], frameAABB[0]),
+        Math.max(elementAABB[1], frameAABB[1]),
+        Math.min(elementAABB[2], frameAABB[2]),
+        Math.min(elementAABB[3], frameAABB[3]),
+      ] as Bounds;
+
+      labelAABB = labelAABB
+        ? ([
+            Math.max(labelAABB[0], frameAABB[0]),
+            Math.max(labelAABB[1], frameAABB[1]),
+            Math.min(labelAABB[2], frameAABB[2]),
+            Math.min(labelAABB[3], frameAABB[3]),
+          ] as Bounds)
+        : null;
+    }
+
+    const commonAABB = labelAABB
+      ? ([
+          Math.min(labelAABB[0], elementAABB[0]),
+          Math.min(labelAABB[1], elementAABB[1]),
+          Math.max(labelAABB[2], elementAABB[2]),
+          Math.max(labelAABB[3], elementAABB[3]),
+        ] as Bounds)
+      : elementAABB;
+
+    // ============== Evaluation ==============
+
+    // 1. If the selection box WRAPs the element's AABB, then add it to the
+    //    selection and move on, regardless of the selection mode.
+    //
+    //    PERF: This trick only works with axis-aligned box selection and the
+    //          current convex element shapes!
+    if (boundsContainBounds(selectionBounds, commonAABB)) {
+      if (framesInSelection && isFrameLikeElement(element)) {
+        framesInSelection.add(element.id);
+      }
+      elementsInSelection.add(element);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // 2. Handle the case where the label is overlapped by the selection box
+    if (
+      type === "overlap" &&
+      labelAABB &&
+      doBoundsIntersect(selectionBounds, labelAABB)
+    ) {
+      elementsInSelection.add(element);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // 3. Handle the case where the selection is not wrapping the element, but
+    //    it does intersect the element's outline (non-AABB).
+    if (type === "overlap" && doBoundsIntersect(selectionBounds, elementAABB)) {
+      let hasIntersection = false;
+
+      // Preliminary check potential intersection imprecision
+      if (isLinearElement(element) || isFreeDrawElement(element)) {
+        const center = elementCenterPoint(element, elementsMap);
+        hasIntersection = element.points.some((point) => {
+          const rotatedPoint = pointRotateRads(
+            pointFrom<GlobalPoint>(element.x + point[0], element.y + point[1]),
+            center,
+            element.angle,
+          );
+
+          return pointInsideBounds(rotatedPoint, selectionBounds);
+        });
+      } else {
+        const nonRotatedElementBounds = getElementBounds(
+          element,
+          elementsMap,
+          true,
+        );
+        const center = elementCenterPoint(element, elementsMap);
+        hasIntersection = [
+          pointRotateRads(
+            pointFrom<GlobalPoint>(
+              (nonRotatedElementBounds[0] + nonRotatedElementBounds[2]) / 2,
+              nonRotatedElementBounds[1],
+            ),
+            center,
+            element.angle,
+          ),
+          pointRotateRads(
+            pointFrom<GlobalPoint>(
+              nonRotatedElementBounds[2],
+              (nonRotatedElementBounds[1] + nonRotatedElementBounds[3]) / 2,
+            ),
+            center,
+            element.angle,
+          ),
+          pointRotateRads(
+            pointFrom<GlobalPoint>(
+              (nonRotatedElementBounds[0] + nonRotatedElementBounds[2]) / 2,
+              nonRotatedElementBounds[3],
+            ),
+            center,
+            element.angle,
+          ),
+          pointRotateRads(
+            pointFrom<GlobalPoint>(
+              nonRotatedElementBounds[0],
+              (nonRotatedElementBounds[1] + nonRotatedElementBounds[3]) / 2,
+            ),
+            center,
+            element.angle,
+          ),
+        ].some((point) => {
+          return pointInsideBounds(
+            pointRotateRads(point, center, element.angle),
+            selectionBounds,
+          );
+        });
+      }
+
+      if (!hasIntersection) {
+        hasIntersection = selectionEdges.some(
+          (selectionEdge) =>
+            intersectElementWithLineSegment(
+              element,
+              elementsMap,
+              selectionEdge,
+              strokeWidth / 2,
+              true, // Stop at first hit for better performance
+            ).length > 0,
+        );
+      }
+
+      if (hasIntersection) {
+        if (framesInSelection && isFrameLikeElement(element)) {
+          framesInSelection.add(element.id);
+        }
+
+        elementsInSelection.add(element);
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // 4. We don't need to handle when the selection is inside the element
+    //    as it is separately handled in App.
+  }
+
+  if (framesInSelection) {
+    elementsInSelection.forEach((element) => {
+      if (element.frameId && framesInSelection.has(element.frameId)) {
+        elementsInSelection.delete(element);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  if (type === "overlap") {
+    Array.from(elementsInSelection).forEach((element) => {
+      const groupId = element.groupIds.at(-1);
+      const group = groupId ? groups[groupId] : null;
+
+      group?.forEach((groupElement) => elementsInSelection.add(groupElement));
+    });
+  } else if (type === "contain") {
+    elementsInSelection.forEach((element) => {
+      // note: currently we only support top-level group handling since
+      // we don't support box selecting while editing the group/subgroup
+      // see https://github.com/excalidraw/excalidraw/pull/11234#issuecomment-4387654451
+      const groupId = element.groupIds.at(-1);
+
+      const group = groupId ? groups[groupId] : null;
+
+      if (
+        group &&
+        !group.every((groupElement) => elementsInSelection.has(groupElement))
+      ) {
+        elementsInSelection.delete(element);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  // to maintain original order elements (namely for group selection)
+  return elements.filter((element) => elementsInSelection.has(element));
+};
+
 export const elementCenterPoint = (
   element: ExcalidrawElement,
   elementsMap: ElementsMap,
   xOffset: number = 0,
   yOffset: number = 0,
 ) => {
-  if (isLinearElement(element)) {
+  if (isLinearElement(element) || isFreeDrawElement(element)) {
     const [x1, y1, x2, y2] = getElementAbsoluteCoords(element, elementsMap);
     const [x, y] = pointFrom<GlobalPoint>((x1 + x2) / 2, (y1 + y2) / 2);
 

packages/element/src/collision.ts

@@ -61,6 +61,8 @@ import { distanceToElement } from "./distance";
 
 import { getBindingGap } from "./binding";
 
+import { hasBackground } from "./comparisons";
+
 import type {
   ElementsMap,
   ExcalidrawArrowElement,
@@ -83,7 +85,7 @@ export const shouldTestInside = (element: ExcalidrawElement) => {
   }
 
   const isDraggableFromInside =
-    !isTransparent(element.backgroundColor) ||
+    (hasBackground(element.type) && !isTransparent(element.backgroundColor)) ||
     hasBoundTextElement(element) ||
     isIframeLikeElement(element) ||
     isTextElement(element);
@@ -154,14 +156,11 @@ export const hitElementItself = ({
 
   // Hit test against the extended, rotated bounding box of the element first
   const bounds = getElementBounds(element, elementsMap, true);
-  const hitBounds = isPointWithinBounds(
-    pointFrom(bounds[0] - threshold, bounds[1] - threshold),
-    pointRotateRads(
-      point,
-      getCenterForBounds(bounds),
-      -element.angle as Radians,
-    ),
-    pointFrom(bounds[2] + threshold, bounds[3] + threshold),
+  const hitBounds = isPointInRotatedBounds(
+    point,
+    bounds,
+    element.angle,
+    threshold,
   );
 
   // PERF: Bail out early if the point is not even in the
@@ -192,18 +191,32 @@ export const hitElementItself = ({
   return result;
 };
 
+const isPointInRotatedBounds = (
+  point: GlobalPoint,
+  bounds: Bounds,
+  angle: Radians,
+  tolerance = 0,
+) => {
+  const adjustedPoint =
+    angle === 0
+      ? point
+      : pointRotateRads(point, getCenterForBounds(bounds), -angle as Radians);
+
+  return isPointWithinBounds(
+    pointFrom(bounds[0] - tolerance, bounds[1] - tolerance),
+    adjustedPoint,
+    pointFrom(bounds[2] + tolerance, bounds[3] + tolerance),
+  );
+};
+
 export const hitElementBoundingBox = (
   point: GlobalPoint,
   element: ExcalidrawElement,
   elementsMap: ElementsMap,
   tolerance = 0,
 ) => {
-  let [x1, y1, x2, y2] = getElementBounds(element, elementsMap);
-  x1 -= tolerance;
-  y1 -= tolerance;
-  x2 += tolerance;
-  y2 += tolerance;
-  return isPointWithinBounds(pointFrom(x1, y1), point, pointFrom(x2, y2));
+  const bounds = getElementBounds(element, elementsMap, true);
+  return isPointInRotatedBounds(point, bounds, element.angle, tolerance);
 };
 
 export const hitElementBoundingBoxOnly = (
@@ -313,7 +326,10 @@ export const getAllHoveredElementAtPoint = (
     ) {
       candidateElements.push(element);
 
-      if (!isTransparent(element.backgroundColor)) {
+      if (
+        hasBackground(element.type) &&
+        !isTransparent(element.backgroundColor)
+      ) {
         break;
       }
     }
@@ -465,7 +481,12 @@ export const intersectElementWithLineSegment = (
     case "line":
     case "freedraw":
     case "arrow":
-      return intersectLinearOrFreeDrawWithLineSegment(element, line, onlyFirst);
+      return intersectLinearOrFreeDrawWithLineSegment(
+        element,
+        line,
+        elementsMap,
+        onlyFirst,
+      );
   }
 };
 
@@ -532,11 +553,15 @@ const lineIntersections = (
 const intersectLinearOrFreeDrawWithLineSegment = (
   element: ExcalidrawLinearElement | ExcalidrawFreeDrawElement,
   segment: LineSegment<GlobalPoint>,
+  elementsMap: ElementsMap,
   onlyFirst = false,
 ): GlobalPoint[] => {
   // NOTE: This is the only one which return the decomposed elements
   // rotated! This is due to taking advantage of roughjs definitions.
-  const [lines, curves] = deconstructLinearOrFreeDrawElement(element);
+  const [lines, curves] = deconstructLinearOrFreeDrawElement(
+    element,
+    elementsMap,
+  );
   const intersections: GlobalPoint[] = [];
 
   for (const l of lines) {
@@ -564,7 +589,9 @@ const intersectLinearOrFreeDrawWithLineSegment = (
       continue;
     }
 
-    const hits = curveIntersectLineSegment(c, segment);
+    const hits = curveIntersectLineSegment(c, segment, {
+      iterLimit: 10,
+    });
 
     if (hits.length > 0) {
       intersections.push(...hits);

packages/element/src/comparisons.ts

@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ export const hasStrokeStyle = (type: ElementOrToolType) =>
   type === "arrow" ||
   type === "line";
 
+export const hasFreedrawMode = (type: ElementOrToolType) => type === "freedraw";
+
 export const canChangeRoundness = (type: ElementOrToolType) =>
   type === "rectangle" ||
   type === "iframe" ||

packages/element/src/distance.ts

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ export const distanceToElement = (
     case "line":
     case "arrow":
     case "freedraw":
-      return distanceToLinearOrFreeDraElement(element, p);
+      return distanceToLinearOrFreeDraElement(element, elementsMap, p);
   }
 };
 
@@ -133,9 +133,13 @@ const distanceToEllipseElement = (
 
 const distanceToLinearOrFreeDraElement = (
   element: ExcalidrawLinearElement | ExcalidrawFreeDrawElement,
+  elementsMap: ElementsMap,
   p: GlobalPoint,
 ) => {
-  const [lines, curves] = deconstructLinearOrFreeDrawElement(element);
+  const [lines, curves] = deconstructLinearOrFreeDrawElement(
+    element,
+    elementsMap,
+  );
   return Math.min(
     ...lines.map((s) => distanceToLineSegment(p, s)),
     ...curves.map((a) => curvePointDistance(a, p)),

packages/element/src/duplicate.ts

@@ -111,6 +111,9 @@ export const duplicateElements = (
          * user interaction.
          */
         type: "everything";
+        // TODO remove/review this once we add frame children order migration
+        // and invariant checks
+        preserveFrameChildrenOrder?: boolean;
       }
     | {
         /**
@@ -170,6 +173,8 @@ export const duplicateElements = (
     opts.type === "in-place"
       ? opts.idsOfElementsToDuplicate
       : new Map(elements.map((el) => [el.id, el]));
+  const preserveFrameChildrenOrder =
+    opts.type === "everything" && opts.preserveFrameChildrenOrder;
 
   // For sanity
   if (opts.type === "in-place") {
@@ -250,6 +255,9 @@ export const duplicateElements = (
     elementsWithDuplicates.splice(index + 1, 0, ...castArray(elements));
   };
 
+  // main
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
   const frameIdsToDuplicate = new Set(
     elements
       .filter(
@@ -274,7 +282,7 @@ export const duplicateElements = (
     if (groupId) {
       const groupElements = getElementsInGroup(elements, groupId).flatMap(
         (element) =>
-          isFrameLikeElement(element)
+          isFrameLikeElement(element) && !preserveFrameChildrenOrder
             ? [...getFrameChildren(elements, element.id), element]
             : [element],
       );
@@ -290,13 +298,25 @@ export const duplicateElements = (
     // frame duplication
     // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    if (element.frameId && frameIdsToDuplicate.has(element.frameId)) {
+    if (
+      !preserveFrameChildrenOrder &&
+      element.frameId &&
+      frameIdsToDuplicate.has(element.frameId)
+    ) {
       continue;
     }
 
     if (isFrameLikeElement(element)) {
       const frameId = element.id;
 
+      if (preserveFrameChildrenOrder) {
+        insertBeforeOrAfterIndex(
+          findLastIndex(elementsWithDuplicates, (el) => el.id === frameId),
+          copyElements(element),
+        );
+        continue;
+      }
+
       const frameChildren = getFrameChildren(elements, frameId);
 
       const targetIndex = findLastIndex(elementsWithDuplicates, (el) => {

packages/element/src/elbowArrow.ts

@@ -2124,8 +2124,8 @@ const normalizeArrowElementUpdate = (
     offsetY < -MAX_POS ||
     offsetY > MAX_POS ||
     offsetX + points[points.length - 1][0] < -MAX_POS ||
-    offsetY + points[points.length - 1][0] > MAX_POS ||
-    offsetX + points[points.length - 1][1] < -MAX_POS ||
+    offsetX + points[points.length - 1][0] > MAX_POS ||
+    offsetY + points[points.length - 1][1] < -MAX_POS ||
     offsetY + points[points.length - 1][1] > MAX_POS
   ) {
     console.error(

packages/element/src/fractionalIndex.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-import { generateNKeysBetween } from "fractional-indexing";
-
 import { arrayToMap } from "@excalidraw/common";
 
+import {
+  validateOrderKey,
+  generateNKeysBetween,
+} from "@excalidraw/fractional-indexing";
+
 import { mutateElement, newElementWith } from "./mutateElement";
 import { getBoundTextElement } from "./textElement";
 import { hasBoundTextElement } from "./typeChecks";
@@ -382,6 +385,13 @@ const isValidFractionalIndex = (
     return false;
   }
 
+  try {
+    // Format validation
+    validateOrderKey(index);
+  } catch {
+    return false;
+  }
+
   if (predecessor && successor) {
     return predecessor < index && index < successor;
   }

packages/element/src/frame.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 import { arrayToMap } from "@excalidraw/common";
-import { isPointWithinBounds, pointFrom } from "@excalidraw/math";
-import { doLineSegmentsIntersect } from "@excalidraw/utils/bbox";
-import { elementsOverlappingBBox } from "@excalidraw/utils/withinBounds";
+import {
+  isPointWithinBounds,
+  pointFrom,
+  segmentsIntersectAt,
+} from "@excalidraw/math";
 
 import type {
   AppClassProperties,
@@ -18,9 +20,13 @@ import {
   getElementLineSegments,
   getCommonBounds,
   getElementAbsoluteCoords,
+  doBoundsIntersect,
+  getElementBounds,
+  boundsContainBounds,
 } from "./bounds";
 import { mutateElement } from "./mutateElement";
 import { getBoundTextElement, getContainerElement } from "./textElement";
+import { syncMovedIndices } from "./fractionalIndex";
 import {
   isFrameElement,
   isFrameLikeElement,
@@ -75,7 +81,7 @@ export function isElementIntersectingFrame(
 
   const intersecting = frameLineSegments.some((frameLineSegment) =>
     elementLineSegments.some((elementLineSegment) =>
-      doLineSegmentsIntersect(frameLineSegment, elementLineSegment),
+      segmentsIntersectAt(frameLineSegment, elementLineSegment),
     ),
   );
 
@@ -100,8 +106,9 @@ export const isElementContainingFrame = (
   frame: ExcalidrawFrameLikeElement,
   elementsMap: ElementsMap,
 ) => {
-  return getElementsWithinSelection([frame], element, elementsMap).some(
-    (e) => e.id === frame.id,
+  return boundsContainBounds(
+    getElementBounds(element, elementsMap),
+    getElementBounds(frame, elementsMap),
   );
 };
 
@@ -488,10 +495,44 @@ export const filterElementsEligibleAsFrameChildren = (
   return eligibleElements;
 };
 
+export const getCommonFrameId = (elements: readonly ExcalidrawElement[]) => {
+  let commonFrameId: ExcalidrawElement["frameId"] | undefined;
+
+  for (const element of elements) {
+    if (isFrameLikeElement(element) || !element.frameId) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    if (commonFrameId === undefined) {
+      commonFrameId = element.frameId;
+    } else if (commonFrameId !== element.frameId) {
+      return null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return commonFrameId ?? null;
+};
+
+export const getFrameChildrenInsertionIndex = (
+  elements: readonly ExcalidrawElement[],
+  frameId: ExcalidrawFrameLikeElement["id"],
+): number | null => {
+  for (let index = elements.length - 1; index >= 0; index--) {
+    const element = elements[index];
+
+    if (element.id === frameId) {
+      return index;
+    } else if (element.frameId === frameId) {
+      return index + 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null;
+};
+
 /**
- * Retains (or repairs for target frame) the ordering invriant where children
- * elements come right before the parent frame:
- * [el, el, child, child, frame, el]
+ * Adds elements and their bound elements to frame. Reorders added elements to
+ * be just below frame, or just above its highest child (whichever is higher).
  *
  * @returns mutated allElements (same data structure)
  */
@@ -499,19 +540,11 @@ export const addElementsToFrame = <T extends ElementsMapOrArray>(
   allElements: T,
   elementsToAdd: NonDeletedExcalidrawElement[],
   frame: ExcalidrawFrameLikeElement,
-  appState: AppState,
 ): T => {
   const elementsMap = arrayToMap(allElements);
-  const currTargetFrameChildrenMap = new Map<ExcalidrawElement["id"], true>();
-  for (const element of allElements.values()) {
-    if (element.frameId === frame.id) {
-      currTargetFrameChildrenMap.set(element.id, true);
-    }
-  }
+  const commonFrameId = getCommonFrameId(elementsToAdd);
 
-  const suppliedElementsToAddSet = new Set(elementsToAdd.map((el) => el.id));
-
-  const finalElementsToAdd: ExcalidrawElement[] = [];
+  const finalElementsToAdd = new Set<ExcalidrawElement>();
 
   const otherFrames = new Set<ExcalidrawFrameLikeElement["id"]>();
 
@@ -522,7 +555,8 @@ export const addElementsToFrame = <T extends ElementsMapOrArray>(
   }
 
   // - add bound text elements if not already in the array
-  // - filter out elements that are already in the frame
+  // - keep elements already in the frame so mixed selections can be reordered
+  //   together
   for (const element of omitGroupsContainingFrameLikes(
     allElements,
     elementsToAdd,
@@ -535,38 +569,64 @@ export const addElementsToFrame = <T extends ElementsMapOrArray>(
       continue;
     }
 
-    // if the element is already in another frame (which is also in elementsToAdd),
-    // it means that frame and children are selected at the same time
-    // => keep original frame membership, do not add to the target frame
-    if (
-      element.frameId &&
-      appState.selectedElementIds[element.id] &&
-      appState.selectedElementIds[element.frameId]
-    ) {
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    if (!currTargetFrameChildrenMap.has(element.id)) {
-      finalElementsToAdd.push(element);
-    }
+    finalElementsToAdd.add(element);
 
     const boundTextElement = getBoundTextElement(element, elementsMap);
-    if (
-      boundTextElement &&
-      !suppliedElementsToAddSet.has(boundTextElement.id) &&
-      !currTargetFrameChildrenMap.has(boundTextElement.id)
-    ) {
-      finalElementsToAdd.push(boundTextElement);
+    if (boundTextElement && !finalElementsToAdd.has(boundTextElement)) {
+      finalElementsToAdd.add(boundTextElement);
     }
   }
 
   for (const element of finalElementsToAdd) {
-    mutateElement(element, elementsMap, {
-      frameId: frame.id,
-    });
+    // we don't always need to update the element if it's already in the frame,
+    // but we still need to accumulate in finalElementsToAdd so we potentially
+    // reorder them if added together
+    if (element.frameId !== frame.id) {
+      mutateElement(element, elementsMap, {
+        frameId: frame.id,
+      });
+    }
   }
 
-  return allElements;
+  // (re)order elements to be just below the frame,
+  // or just above the highest child if that is higher
+  // (latter case is denormalized order until we migrate)
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  if (
+    !finalElementsToAdd.size ||
+    // if all elements to add already belong to the frame, then we don't want to
+    // reorder (case: we're dragging element children within the frame)
+    commonFrameId === frame.id
+  ) {
+    return allElements;
+  }
+
+  const otherElements = Array.from(allElements.values()).filter(
+    (element) => !finalElementsToAdd.has(element),
+  );
+  const insertionIndex = getFrameChildrenInsertionIndex(
+    otherElements,
+    frame.id,
+  );
+
+  if (insertionIndex === null) {
+    return allElements;
+  }
+
+  const reorderedElements = [
+    ...otherElements.slice(0, insertionIndex),
+    ...finalElementsToAdd,
+    ...otherElements.slice(insertionIndex),
+  ];
+
+  syncMovedIndices(reorderedElements, arrayToMap([...finalElementsToAdd]));
+
+  return (
+    Array.isArray(allElements)
+      ? reorderedElements
+      : new Map(reorderedElements.map((element) => [element.id, element]))
+  ) as T;
 };
 
 export const removeElementsFromFrame = (
@@ -620,13 +680,11 @@ export const replaceAllElementsInFrame = <T extends ExcalidrawElement>(
   allElements: readonly T[],
   nextElementsInFrame: ExcalidrawElement[],
   frame: ExcalidrawFrameLikeElement,
-  app: AppClassProperties,
 ): T[] => {
   return addElementsToFrame(
     removeAllElementsFromFrame(allElements, frame),
     nextElementsInFrame,
     frame,
-    app.state,
   ).slice();
 };
 
@@ -920,16 +978,17 @@ export const getFrameLikeTitle = (element: ExcalidrawFrameLikeElement) => {
 export const getElementsOverlappingFrame = (
   elements: readonly ExcalidrawElement[],
   frame: ExcalidrawFrameLikeElement,
+  elementsMap: ElementsMap,
 ) => {
-  return (
-    elementsOverlappingBBox({
-      elements,
-      bounds: frame,
-      type: "overlap",
-    })
-      // removes elements who are overlapping, but are in a different frame,
+  return elements.filter(
+    (el) =>
+      // exclude elements which are overlapping, but are in a different frame,
       // and thus invisible in target frame
-      .filter((el) => !el.frameId || el.frameId === frame.id)
+      (!el.frameId || el.frameId === frame.id) &&
+      doBoundsIntersect(
+        getElementBounds(el, elementsMap),
+        getElementBounds(frame, elementsMap),
+      ),
   );
 };
 

packages/element/src/index.ts

@@ -99,3 +99,4 @@ export * from "./typeChecks";
 export * from "./utils";
 export * from "./zindex";
 export * from "./arrows/helpers";
+export * from "./arrowheads";

packages/element/src/linearElementEditor.ts

@@ -476,16 +476,22 @@ export class LinearElementEditor {
       });
     }
 
-    invariant(
-      lastClickedPoint > -1 &&
-        selectedPointsIndices.includes(lastClickedPoint) &&
-        element.points[lastClickedPoint],
-      `There must be a valid lastClickedPoint in order to drag it. selectedPointsIndices(${JSON.stringify(
-        selectedPointsIndices,
-      )}) points(0..${
-        element.points.length - 1
-      }) lastClickedPoint(${lastClickedPoint})`,
-    );
+    if (
+      lastClickedPoint < 0 ||
+      !selectedPointsIndices.includes(lastClickedPoint) ||
+      !element.points[lastClickedPoint]
+    ) {
+      console.error(
+        `There must be a valid lastClickedPoint in order to drag it. selectedPointsIndices(${JSON.stringify(
+          selectedPointsIndices,
+        )}) points(0..${
+          element.points.length - 1
+        }) lastClickedPoint(${lastClickedPoint}) isElbowArrow: ${elbowed}`,
+      );
+
+      // Fall back to the actual last point as a last resort.
+      lastClickedPoint = element.points.length - 1;
+    }
 
     // point that's being dragged (out of all selected points)
     const draggingPoint = element.points[lastClickedPoint];
@@ -794,6 +800,7 @@ export class LinearElementEditor {
           element.points[index + 1],
           index,
           appState.zoom,
+          elementsMap,
         )
       ) {
         midpoints.push(null);
@@ -803,6 +810,7 @@ export class LinearElementEditor {
       const segmentMidPoint = LinearElementEditor.getSegmentMidPoint(
         element,
         index + 1,
+        elementsMap,
       );
       midpoints.push(segmentMidPoint);
       index++;
@@ -890,6 +898,7 @@ export class LinearElementEditor {
     endPoint: P,
     index: number,
     zoom: Zoom,
+    elementsMap: ElementsMap,
   ) {
     if (isElbowArrow(element)) {
       if (index >= 0 && index < element.points.length) {
@@ -904,7 +913,10 @@ export class LinearElementEditor {
 
     let distance = pointDistance(startPoint, endPoint);
     if (element.points.length > 2 && element.roundness) {
-      const [lines, curves] = deconstructLinearOrFreeDrawElement(element);
+      const [lines, curves] = deconstructLinearOrFreeDrawElement(
+        element,
+        elementsMap,
+      );
 
       invariant(
         lines.length === 0 && curves.length > 0,
@@ -924,6 +936,7 @@ export class LinearElementEditor {
   static getSegmentMidPoint(
     element: NonDeleted<ExcalidrawLinearElement>,
     index: number,
+    elementsMap: ElementsMap,
   ): GlobalPoint {
     if (isElbowArrow(element)) {
       invariant(
@@ -936,7 +949,10 @@ export class LinearElementEditor {
       return pointFrom<GlobalPoint>(element.x + p[0], element.y + p[1]);
     }
 
-    const [lines, curves] = deconstructLinearOrFreeDrawElement(element);
+    const [lines, curves] = deconstructLinearOrFreeDrawElement(
+      element,
+      elementsMap,
+    );
 
     invariant(
       (lines.length === 0 && curves.length > 0) ||
@@ -1851,6 +1867,7 @@ export class LinearElementEditor {
       const midSegmentMidpoint = LinearElementEditor.getSegmentMidPoint(
         element,
         index + 1,
+        elementsMap,
       );
 
       x = midSegmentMidpoint[0] - boundTextElement.width / 2;
@@ -2122,13 +2139,13 @@ const pointDraggingUpdates = (
 } => {
   const naiveDraggingPoints = new Map(
     selectedPointsIndices.map((pointIndex) => {
+      // NOTE: Avoid stale point index issue potentially caused by elbow
+      // arrows unpredictably changing the number of points during dragging
+      const point = element.points[pointIndex] ?? element.points.at(-1);
       return [
         pointIndex,
         {
-          point: pointFrom<LocalPoint>(
-            element.points[pointIndex][0] + deltaX,
-            element.points[pointIndex][1] + deltaY,
-          ),
+          point: pointFrom<LocalPoint>(point[0] + deltaX, point[1] + deltaY),
           isDragging: true,
         },
       ];
@@ -2400,7 +2417,7 @@ const pointDraggingUpdates = (
     ? nextArrow.points[0]
     : endBindable
     ? updateBoundPoint(
-        element,
+        nextArrow,
         "endBinding",
         nextArrow.endBinding,
         endBindable,
@@ -2431,7 +2448,7 @@ const pointDraggingUpdates = (
       ? endLocalPoint
       : startBindable
       ? updateBoundPoint(
-          element,
+          nextArrow,
           "startBinding",
           nextArrow.startBinding,
           startBindable,

packages/element/src/newElement.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import {
   DEFAULT_FONT_SIZE,
   DEFAULT_TEXT_ALIGN,
   DEFAULT_VERTICAL_ALIGN,
+  DEFAULT_STROKE_STREAMLINE,
   VERTICAL_ALIGN,
   randomInteger,
   randomId,
@@ -444,6 +445,7 @@ export const newFreeDrawElement = (
     type: "freedraw";
     points?: ExcalidrawFreeDrawElement["points"];
     simulatePressure: boolean;
+    strokeOptions?: ExcalidrawFreeDrawElement["strokeOptions"];
     pressures?: ExcalidrawFreeDrawElement["pressures"];
   } & ElementConstructorOpts,
 ): NonDeleted<ExcalidrawFreeDrawElement> => {
@@ -452,6 +454,10 @@ export const newFreeDrawElement = (
     points: opts.points || [],
     pressures: opts.pressures || [],
     simulatePressure: opts.simulatePressure,
+    strokeOptions: opts.strokeOptions ?? {
+      variability: "variable",
+      streamline: DEFAULT_STROKE_STREAMLINE,
+    },
   };
 };
 

packages/element/src/renderElement.ts

@@ -422,10 +422,10 @@ const drawElementOnCanvas = (
 
       for (const shape of shapes) {
         if (typeof shape === "string") {
-          context.fillStyle =
-            renderConfig.theme === THEME.DARK
-              ? applyDarkModeFilter(element.strokeColor)
-              : element.strokeColor;
+          context.fillStyle = applyDarkModeFilter(
+            element.strokeColor,
+            renderConfig.theme === THEME.DARK,
+          );
           context.fill(new Path2D(shape));
         } else {
           rc.draw(shape);
@@ -555,10 +555,10 @@ const drawElementOnCanvas = (
         context.canvas.setAttribute("dir", rtl ? "rtl" : "ltr");
         context.save();
         context.font = getFontString(element);
-        context.fillStyle =
-          renderConfig.theme === THEME.DARK
-            ? applyDarkModeFilter(element.strokeColor)
-            : element.strokeColor;
+        context.fillStyle = applyDarkModeFilter(
+          element.strokeColor,
+          renderConfig.theme === THEME.DARK,
+        );
         context.textAlign = element.textAlign as CanvasTextAlign;
 
         // Canvas does not support multiline text by default
@@ -811,10 +811,10 @@ export const renderElement = (
         context.fillStyle = "rgba(0, 0, 200, 0.04)";
 
         context.lineWidth = FRAME_STYLE.strokeWidth / appState.zoom.value;
-        context.strokeStyle =
-          appState.theme === THEME.DARK
-            ? applyDarkModeFilter(FRAME_STYLE.strokeColor)
-            : FRAME_STYLE.strokeColor;
+        context.strokeStyle = applyDarkModeFilter(
+          FRAME_STYLE.strokeColor,
+          appState.theme === THEME.DARK,
+        );
 
         // TODO change later to only affect AI frames
         if (isMagicFrameElement(element)) {
@@ -889,8 +889,10 @@ export const renderElement = (
     case "embeddable": {
       if (renderConfig.isExporting) {
         const [x1, y1, x2, y2] = getElementAbsoluteCoords(element, elementsMap);
-        const cx = (x1 + x2) / 2 + appState.scrollX;
-        const cy = (y1 + y2) / 2 + appState.scrollY;
+        const centerX = (x1 + x2) / 2;
+        const centerY = (y1 + y2) / 2;
+        const cx = centerX + appState.scrollX;
+        const cy = centerY + appState.scrollY;
         let shiftX = (x2 - x1) / 2 - (element.x - x1);
         let shiftY = (y2 - y1) / 2 - (element.y - y1);
         if (isTextElement(element)) {
@@ -912,64 +914,49 @@ export const renderElement = (
         const boundTextElement = getBoundTextElement(element, elementsMap);
 
         if (isArrowElement(element) && boundTextElement) {
-          const tempCanvas = document.createElement("canvas");
-
-          const tempCanvasContext = tempCanvas.getContext("2d")!;
-
-          // Take max dimensions of arrow canvas so that when canvas is rotated
-          // the arrow doesn't get clipped
-          const maxDim = Math.max(distance(x1, x2), distance(y1, y2));
-          const padding = getCanvasPadding(element);
-          tempCanvas.width =
-            maxDim * appState.exportScale + padding * 10 * appState.exportScale;
-          tempCanvas.height =
-            maxDim * appState.exportScale + padding * 10 * appState.exportScale;
-
-          tempCanvasContext.translate(
-            tempCanvas.width / 2,
-            tempCanvas.height / 2,
-          );
-          tempCanvasContext.scale(appState.exportScale, appState.exportScale);
-
-          // Shift the canvas to left most point of the arrow
+          // Draw arrow directly as vector and clear label hole separately.
+          // This avoids temp-canvas bitmap blit which introduces resampling blur.
           shiftX = element.width / 2 - (element.x - x1);
           shiftY = element.height / 2 - (element.y - y1);
 
-          tempCanvasContext.rotate(element.angle);
-          const tempRc = rough.canvas(tempCanvas);
+          context.save();
+          context.rotate(element.angle);
+          context.translate(-shiftX, -shiftY);
+          drawElementOnCanvas(element, rc, context, renderConfig);
+          context.restore();
 
-          tempCanvasContext.translate(-shiftX, -shiftY);
-
-          drawElementOnCanvas(element, tempRc, tempCanvasContext, renderConfig);
-
-          tempCanvasContext.translate(shiftX, shiftY);
-
-          tempCanvasContext.rotate(-element.angle);
-
-          // Shift the canvas to center of bound text
           const [, , , , boundTextCx, boundTextCy] = getElementAbsoluteCoords(
             boundTextElement,
             elementsMap,
           );
-          const boundTextShiftX = (x1 + x2) / 2 - boundTextCx;
-          const boundTextShiftY = (y1 + y2) / 2 - boundTextCy;
-          tempCanvasContext.translate(-boundTextShiftX, -boundTextShiftY);
+          const holeX =
+            boundTextCx -
+            centerX -
+            boundTextElement.width / 2 -
+            BOUND_TEXT_PADDING;
+          const holeY =
+            boundTextCy -
+            centerY -
+            boundTextElement.height / 2 -
+            BOUND_TEXT_PADDING;
+          const holeWidth = boundTextElement.width + BOUND_TEXT_PADDING * 2;
+          const holeHeight = boundTextElement.height + BOUND_TEXT_PADDING * 2;
 
-          // Clear the bound text area
-          tempCanvasContext.clearRect(
-            -boundTextElement.width / 2,
-            -boundTextElement.height / 2,
-            boundTextElement.width,
-            boundTextElement.height,
-          );
-          context.scale(1 / appState.exportScale, 1 / appState.exportScale);
-          context.drawImage(
-            tempCanvas,
-            -tempCanvas.width / 2,
-            -tempCanvas.height / 2,
-            tempCanvas.width,
-            tempCanvas.height,
-          );
+          const isTransparentHole =
+            "viewBackgroundColor" in appState &&
+            (appState.viewBackgroundColor === "transparent" ||
+              !appState.viewBackgroundColor);
+          if (!isTransparentHole) {
+            context.save();
+            context.fillStyle = applyDarkModeFilter(
+              renderConfig.canvasBackgroundColor,
+              renderConfig.theme === THEME.DARK,
+            );
+            context.fillRect(holeX, holeY, holeWidth, holeHeight);
+            context.restore();
+          } else {
+            context.clearRect(holeX, holeY, holeWidth, holeHeight);
+          }
         } else {
           context.rotate(element.angle);
 

packages/element/src/selection.ts

@@ -1,22 +1,20 @@
-import { arrayToMap, isShallowEqual } from "@excalidraw/common";
+import { arrayToMap, isShallowEqual, type Bounds } from "@excalidraw/common";
 
 import type {
   AppState,
+  BoxSelectionMode,
   InteractiveCanvasAppState,
 } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw/types";
 
-import { getElementAbsoluteCoords, getElementBounds } from "./bounds";
+import { elementsOverlappingBBox, getElementAbsoluteCoords } from "./bounds";
 import { isElementInViewport } from "./sizeHelpers";
 import {
   isBoundToContainer,
   isFrameLikeElement,
   isLinearElement,
+  isTextElement,
 } from "./typeChecks";
-import {
-  elementOverlapsWithFrame,
-  getContainingFrame,
-  getFrameChildren,
-} from "./frame";
+import { getFrameChildren } from "./frame";
 
 import { LinearElementEditor } from "./linearElementEditor";
 import { selectGroupsForSelectedElements } from "./groups";
@@ -25,9 +23,27 @@ import type {
   ElementsMap,
   ElementsMapOrArray,
   ExcalidrawElement,
+  ExcalidrawFrameLikeElement,
+  NonDeleted,
   NonDeletedExcalidrawElement,
 } from "./types";
 
+const shouldIgnoreElementFromSelection = (
+  element: NonDeletedExcalidrawElement,
+) => element.locked || isBoundToContainer(element);
+
+const excludeElementsFromFrames = <T extends ExcalidrawElement>(
+  selectedElements: readonly T[],
+  framesInSelection: Set<ExcalidrawFrameLikeElement["id"]>,
+) => {
+  return selectedElements.filter((element) => {
+    if (element.frameId && framesInSelection.has(element.frameId)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  });
+};
+
 /**
  * Frames and their containing elements are not to be selected at the same time.
  * Given an array of selected elements, if there are frames and their containing elements
@@ -47,68 +63,38 @@ export const excludeElementsInFramesFromSelection = <
     }
   });
 
-  return selectedElements.filter((element) => {
-    if (element.frameId && framesInSelection.has(element.frameId)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-  });
+  return excludeElementsFromFrames(selectedElements, framesInSelection);
 };
 
 export const getElementsWithinSelection = (
   elements: readonly NonDeletedExcalidrawElement[],
   selection: NonDeletedExcalidrawElement,
   elementsMap: ElementsMap,
+  // TODO remove (this flag is effectively unused AFAIK)
   excludeElementsInFrames: boolean = true,
-) => {
-  const [selectionX1, selectionY1, selectionX2, selectionY2] =
+  boxSelectionMode: BoxSelectionMode = "contain",
+): NonDeletedExcalidrawElement[] => {
+  const [selectionStartX, selectionStartY, selectionEndX, selectionEndY] =
     getElementAbsoluteCoords(selection, elementsMap);
+  const selectionX1 = Math.min(selectionStartX, selectionEndX);
+  const selectionY1 = Math.min(selectionStartY, selectionEndY);
+  const selectionX2 = Math.max(selectionStartX, selectionEndX);
+  const selectionY2 = Math.max(selectionStartY, selectionEndY);
+  const selectionBounds = [
+    selectionX1,
+    selectionY1,
+    selectionX2,
+    selectionY2,
+  ] as Bounds;
 
-  let elementsInSelection = elements.filter((element) => {
-    let [elementX1, elementY1, elementX2, elementY2] = getElementBounds(
-      element,
-      elementsMap,
-    );
-
-    const containingFrame = getContainingFrame(element, elementsMap);
-    if (containingFrame) {
-      const [fx1, fy1, fx2, fy2] = getElementBounds(
-        containingFrame,
-        elementsMap,
-      );
-
-      elementX1 = Math.max(fx1, elementX1);
-      elementY1 = Math.max(fy1, elementY1);
-      elementX2 = Math.min(fx2, elementX2);
-      elementY2 = Math.min(fy2, elementY2);
-    }
-
-    return (
-      element.locked === false &&
-      element.type !== "selection" &&
-      !isBoundToContainer(element) &&
-      selectionX1 <= elementX1 &&
-      selectionY1 <= elementY1 &&
-      selectionX2 >= elementX2 &&
-      selectionY2 >= elementY2
-    );
+  return elementsOverlappingBBox({
+    elements,
+    bounds: selectionBounds,
+    elementsMap,
+    type: boxSelectionMode,
+    shouldIgnoreElementFromSelection,
+    excludeElementsInFrames,
   });
-
-  elementsInSelection = excludeElementsInFrames
-    ? excludeElementsInFramesFromSelection(elementsInSelection)
-    : elementsInSelection;
-
-  elementsInSelection = elementsInSelection.filter((element) => {
-    const containingFrame = getContainingFrame(element, elementsMap);
-
-    if (containingFrame) {
-      return elementOverlapsWithFrame(element, containingFrame, elementsMap);
-    }
-
-    return true;
-  });
-
-  return elementsInSelection;
 };
 
 export const getVisibleAndNonSelectedElements = (
@@ -288,3 +274,19 @@ export const getSelectionStateForElements = (
     ),
   };
 };
+
+/**
+ * Returns editing or single-selected text element, if any.
+ */
+export const getActiveTextElement = (
+  selectedElements: readonly NonDeleted<ExcalidrawElement>[],
+  appState: Pick<AppState, "editingTextElement">,
+) => {
+  const activeTextElement =
+    appState.editingTextElement ||
+    (selectedElements.length === 1 &&
+      isTextElement(selectedElements[0]) &&
+      selectedElements[0]);
+
+  return activeTextElement || null;
+};

packages/element/src/shape.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { simplify } from "points-on-curve";
 import { getStroke } from "perfect-freehand";
+import { LaserPointer } from "@excalidraw/laser-pointer";
 
 import {
   type GeometricShape,
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ import {
   COLOR_PALETTE,
   LINE_POLYGON_POINT_MERGE_DISTANCE,
   applyDarkModeFilter,
+  DEFAULT_STROKE_STREAMLINE,
 } from "@excalidraw/common";
 
 import { RoughGenerator } from "roughjs/bin/generator";
@@ -57,8 +59,8 @@ import { headingForPointIsHorizontal } from "./heading";
 
 import { canChangeRoundness } from "./comparisons";
 import {
+  elementCenterPoint,
   getArrowheadPoints,
-  getCenterForBounds,
   getDiamondPoints,
   getElementAbsoluteCoords,
 } from "./bounds";
@@ -69,10 +71,10 @@ import type {
   NonDeletedExcalidrawElement,
   ExcalidrawSelectionElement,
   ExcalidrawLinearElement,
-  Arrowhead,
   ExcalidrawFreeDrawElement,
   ElementsMap,
   ExcalidrawLineElement,
+  Arrowhead,
 } from "./types";
 
 import type { Drawable, Options } from "roughjs/bin/core";
@@ -218,9 +220,7 @@ export const generateRoughOptions = (
     fillWeight: element.strokeWidth / 2,
     hachureGap: element.strokeWidth * 4,
     roughness: adjustRoughness(element),
-    stroke: isDarkMode
-      ? applyDarkModeFilter(element.strokeColor)
-      : element.strokeColor,
+    stroke: applyDarkModeFilter(element.strokeColor, isDarkMode),
     preserveVertices:
       continuousPath || element.roughness < ROUGHNESS.cartoonist,
   };
@@ -234,9 +234,7 @@ export const generateRoughOptions = (
       options.fillStyle = element.fillStyle;
       options.fill = isTransparent(element.backgroundColor)
         ? undefined
-        : isDarkMode
-        ? applyDarkModeFilter(element.backgroundColor)
-        : element.backgroundColor;
+        : applyDarkModeFilter(element.backgroundColor, isDarkMode);
       if (element.type === "ellipse") {
         options.curveFitting = 1;
       }
@@ -249,9 +247,7 @@ export const generateRoughOptions = (
         options.fill =
           element.backgroundColor === "transparent"
             ? undefined
-            : isDarkMode
-            ? applyDarkModeFilter(element.backgroundColor)
-            : element.backgroundColor;
+            : applyDarkModeFilter(element.backgroundColor, isDarkMode);
       }
       return options;
     }
@@ -296,6 +292,82 @@ const modifyIframeLikeForRoughOptions = (
   return element;
 };
 
+const generateArrowheadCardinalityOne = (
+  generator: RoughGenerator,
+  arrowheadPoints: number[] | null,
+  lineOptions: Options,
+) => {
+  if (arrowheadPoints === null) {
+    return [];
+  }
+
+  const [, , x3, y3, x4, y4] = arrowheadPoints;
+
+  return [generator.line(x3, y3, x4, y4, lineOptions)];
+};
+
+const generateArrowheadLinesToTip = (
+  generator: RoughGenerator,
+  arrowheadPoints: number[] | null,
+  lineOptions: Options,
+) => {
+  if (arrowheadPoints === null) {
+    return [];
+  }
+
+  const [x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4] = arrowheadPoints;
+
+  return [
+    generator.line(x3, y3, x2, y2, lineOptions),
+    generator.line(x4, y4, x2, y2, lineOptions),
+  ];
+};
+
+const getArrowheadLineOptions = (
+  element: ExcalidrawLinearElement,
+  options: Options,
+) => {
+  const lineOptions = { ...options };
+
+  if (element.strokeStyle === "dotted") {
+    // for dotted arrows caps, reduce gap to make it more legible
+    const dash = getDashArrayDotted(element.strokeWidth - 1);
+    lineOptions.strokeLineDash = [dash[0], dash[1] - 1];
+  } else {
+    // for solid/dashed, keep solid arrow cap
+    delete lineOptions.strokeLineDash;
+  }
+  lineOptions.roughness = Math.min(1, lineOptions.roughness || 0);
+
+  return lineOptions;
+};
+
+const generateArrowheadOutlineCircle = (
+  generator: RoughGenerator,
+  options: Options,
+  strokeColor: string,
+  arrowheadPoints: number[] | null,
+  fill: string,
+  diameterScale = 1,
+) => {
+  if (arrowheadPoints === null) {
+    return [];
+  }
+
+  const [x, y, diameter] = arrowheadPoints;
+  const circleOptions = {
+    ...options,
+    fill,
+    fillStyle: "solid" as const,
+    stroke: strokeColor,
+    roughness: Math.min(0.5, options.roughness || 0),
+  };
+
+  delete circleOptions.strokeLineDash;
+
+  return [generator.circle(x, y, diameter * diameterScale, circleOptions)];
+};
+
 const getArrowheadShapes = (
   element: ExcalidrawLinearElement,
   shape: Drawable[],
@@ -306,63 +378,53 @@ const getArrowheadShapes = (
   canvasBackgroundColor: string,
   isDarkMode: boolean,
 ) => {
-  const arrowheadPoints = getArrowheadPoints(
-    element,
-    shape,
-    position,
-    arrowhead,
-  );
-
-  if (arrowheadPoints === null) {
+  if (arrowhead === null) {
     return [];
   }
 
-  const generateCrowfootOne = (
-    arrowheadPoints: number[] | null,
-    options: Options,
-  ) => {
-    if (arrowheadPoints === null) {
-      return [];
-    }
-
-    const [, , x3, y3, x4, y4] = arrowheadPoints;
-
-    return [generator.line(x3, y3, x4, y4, options)];
-  };
-
-  const strokeColor = isDarkMode
-    ? applyDarkModeFilter(element.strokeColor)
-    : element.strokeColor;
+  const strokeColor = applyDarkModeFilter(element.strokeColor, isDarkMode);
+  const backgroundFillColor = applyDarkModeFilter(
+    canvasBackgroundColor,
+    isDarkMode,
+  );
+  const cardinalityOneOrManyOffset = -0.25;
+  const cardinalityZeroCircleScale = 0.8;
 
   switch (arrowhead) {
-    case "dot":
     case "circle":
     case "circle_outline": {
-      const [x, y, diameter] = arrowheadPoints;
-
-      // always use solid stroke for arrowhead
-      delete options.strokeLineDash;
-
-      return [
-        generator.circle(x, y, diameter, {
-          ...options,
-          fill:
-            arrowhead === "circle_outline"
-              ? canvasBackgroundColor
-              : strokeColor,
-
-          fillStyle: "solid",
-          stroke: strokeColor,
-          roughness: Math.min(0.5, options.roughness || 0),
-        }),
-      ];
+      return generateArrowheadOutlineCircle(
+        generator,
+        options,
+        strokeColor,
+        getArrowheadPoints(element, shape, position, arrowhead),
+        arrowhead === "circle_outline" ? backgroundFillColor : strokeColor,
+      );
     }
     case "triangle":
     case "triangle_outline": {
+      const arrowheadPoints = getArrowheadPoints(
+        element,
+        shape,
+        position,
+        arrowhead,
+      );
+
+      if (arrowheadPoints === null) {
+        return [];
+      }
+
       const [x, y, x2, y2, x3, y3] = arrowheadPoints;
+      const triangleOptions = {
+        ...options,
+        fill:
+          arrowhead === "triangle_outline" ? backgroundFillColor : strokeColor,
+        fillStyle: "solid" as const,
+        roughness: Math.min(1, options.roughness || 0),
+      };
 
       // always use solid stroke for arrowhead
-      delete options.strokeLineDash;
+      delete triangleOptions.strokeLineDash;
 
       return [
         generator.polygon(
@@ -372,24 +434,34 @@ const getArrowheadShapes = (
             [x3, y3],
             [x, y],
           ],
-          {
-            ...options,
-            fill:
-              arrowhead === "triangle_outline"
-                ? canvasBackgroundColor
-                : strokeColor,
-            fillStyle: "solid",
-            roughness: Math.min(1, options.roughness || 0),
-          },
+          triangleOptions,
         ),
       ];
     }
     case "diamond":
     case "diamond_outline": {
+      const arrowheadPoints = getArrowheadPoints(
+        element,
+        shape,
+        position,
+        arrowhead,
+      );
+
+      if (arrowheadPoints === null) {
+        return [];
+      }
+
       const [x, y, x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4] = arrowheadPoints;
+      const diamondOptions = {
+        ...options,
+        fill:
+          arrowhead === "diamond_outline" ? backgroundFillColor : strokeColor,
+        fillStyle: "solid" as const,
+        roughness: Math.min(1, options.roughness || 0),
+      };
 
       // always use solid stroke for arrowhead
-      delete options.strokeLineDash;
+      delete diamondOptions.strokeLineDash;
 
       return [
         generator.polygon(
@@ -400,53 +472,117 @@ const getArrowheadShapes = (
             [x4, y4],
             [x, y],
           ],
-          {
-            ...options,
-            fill:
-              arrowhead === "diamond_outline"
-                ? canvasBackgroundColor
-                : strokeColor,
-            fillStyle: "solid",
-            roughness: Math.min(1, options.roughness || 0),
-          },
+          diamondOptions,
+        ),
+      ];
+    }
+    case "cardinality_one":
+      return generateArrowheadCardinalityOne(
+        generator,
+        getArrowheadPoints(element, shape, position, arrowhead),
+        getArrowheadLineOptions(element, options),
+      );
+    case "cardinality_many":
+      return generateArrowheadLinesToTip(
+        generator,
+        getArrowheadPoints(element, shape, position, arrowhead),
+        getArrowheadLineOptions(element, options),
+      );
+    case "cardinality_one_or_many": {
+      const lineOptions = getArrowheadLineOptions(element, options);
+
+      return [
+        ...generateArrowheadLinesToTip(
+          generator,
+          getArrowheadPoints(element, shape, position, "cardinality_many"),
+          lineOptions,
+        ),
+        ...generateArrowheadCardinalityOne(
+          generator,
+          getArrowheadPoints(
+            element,
+            shape,
+            position,
+            "cardinality_one",
+            cardinalityOneOrManyOffset,
+          ),
+          lineOptions,
+        ),
+      ];
+    }
+    case "cardinality_exactly_one": {
+      const lineOptions = getArrowheadLineOptions(element, options);
+
+      return [
+        ...generateArrowheadCardinalityOne(
+          generator,
+          getArrowheadPoints(element, shape, position, "cardinality_one", -0.5),
+          lineOptions,
+        ),
+        ...generateArrowheadCardinalityOne(
+          generator,
+          getArrowheadPoints(element, shape, position, "cardinality_one"),
+          lineOptions,
+        ),
+      ];
+    }
+    case "cardinality_zero_or_one": {
+      const lineOptions = getArrowheadLineOptions(element, options);
+
+      return [
+        ...generateArrowheadOutlineCircle(
+          generator,
+          options,
+          strokeColor,
+          getArrowheadPoints(element, shape, position, "circle_outline", 1.5),
+          backgroundFillColor,
+          cardinalityZeroCircleScale,
+        ),
+        ...generateArrowheadCardinalityOne(
+          generator,
+          getArrowheadPoints(element, shape, position, "cardinality_one", -0.5),
+          lineOptions,
+        ),
+      ];
+    }
+    case "cardinality_zero_or_many": {
+      const lineOptions = getArrowheadLineOptions(element, options);
+
+      return [
+        ...generateArrowheadLinesToTip(
+          generator,
+          getArrowheadPoints(element, shape, position, "cardinality_many"),
+          lineOptions,
+        ),
+        ...generateArrowheadOutlineCircle(
+          generator,
+          options,
+          strokeColor,
+          getArrowheadPoints(element, shape, position, "circle_outline", 1.5),
+          backgroundFillColor,
+          cardinalityZeroCircleScale,
         ),
       ];
     }
-    case "crowfoot_one":
-      return generateCrowfootOne(arrowheadPoints, options);
     case "bar":
     case "arrow":
-    case "crowfoot_many":
-    case "crowfoot_one_or_many":
     default: {
-      const [x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4] = arrowheadPoints;
-
-      if (element.strokeStyle === "dotted") {
-        // for dotted arrows caps, reduce gap to make it more legible
-        const dash = getDashArrayDotted(element.strokeWidth - 1);
-        options.strokeLineDash = [dash[0], dash[1] - 1];
-      } else {
-        // for solid/dashed, keep solid arrow cap
-        delete options.strokeLineDash;
-      }
-      options.roughness = Math.min(1, options.roughness || 0);
-      return [
-        generator.line(x3, y3, x2, y2, options),
-        generator.line(x4, y4, x2, y2, options),
-        ...(arrowhead === "crowfoot_one_or_many"
-          ? generateCrowfootOne(
-              getArrowheadPoints(element, shape, position, "crowfoot_one"),
-              options,
-            )
-          : []),
-      ];
+      return generateArrowheadLinesToTip(
+        generator,
+        getArrowheadPoints(element, shape, position, arrowhead),
+        getArrowheadLineOptions(element, options),
+      );
     }
   }
 };
 
 export const generateLinearCollisionShape = (
   element: ExcalidrawLinearElement | ExcalidrawFreeDrawElement,
-) => {
+  elementsMap: ElementsMap,
+): {
+  op: string;
+  data: number[];
+}[] => {
   const generator = new RoughGenerator();
   const options: Options = {
     seed: element.seed,
@@ -455,20 +591,7 @@ export const generateLinearCollisionShape = (
     roughness: 0,
     preserveVertices: true,
   };
-  const center = getCenterForBounds(
-    // Need a non-rotated center point
-    element.points.reduce(
-      (acc, point) => {
-        return [
-          Math.min(element.x + point[0], acc[0]),
-          Math.min(element.y + point[1], acc[1]),
-          Math.max(element.x + point[0], acc[2]),
-          Math.max(element.y + point[1], acc[3]),
-        ];
-      },
-      [Infinity, Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity],
-    ),
-  );
+  const center = elementCenterPoint(element, elementsMap);
 
   switch (element.type) {
     case "line":
@@ -1050,27 +1173,87 @@ const getFreeDrawSvgPath = (element: ExcalidrawFreeDrawElement) => {
   ) as SVGPathString;
 };
 
-export const getFreedrawOutlinePoints = (
+/**
+ * Freedraw stroke geometry tuning constants.
+ *
+ * These factors are not derived analytically — they were tuned empirically by
+ * visually comparing rendered strokes until they matched the desired feel.
+ * Treat them as magic numbers backed by visual verification.
+ */
+const VARIABLE_WIDTH_FREEDRAW = {
+  /** Stroke size relative to `strokeWidth` for pressure-sensitive strokes. */
+  SIZE_FACTOR: 4.25,
+  THINNING: 0.6,
+  SMOOTHING: 0.5,
+} as const;
+
+const CONSTANT_WIDTH_FREEDRAW = {
+  /** Stroke size relative to `strokeWidth` for uniform (laser) strokes. */
+  SIZE_FACTOR: 1.4,
+} as const;
+
+const getFreedrawStreamline = (element: ExcalidrawFreeDrawElement) =>
+  element.strokeOptions?.streamline ?? DEFAULT_STROKE_STREAMLINE;
+
+/**
+ * Pressure-sensitive (variable width) freedraw outline, rendered with
+ * perfect-freehand. This is the original Excalidraw freedraw look.
+ */
+const getVariableWidthFreedrawOutline = (
   element: ExcalidrawFreeDrawElement,
-) => {
+): [number, number][] => {
   // If input points are empty (should they ever be?) return a dot
   const inputPoints = element.simulatePressure
     ? element.points
     : element.points.length
-    ? element.points.map(([x, y], i) => [x, y, element.pressures[i]])
+    ? element.points.map(
+        ([x, y], i) => [x, y, element.pressures[i]] as [number, number, number],
+      )
     : [[0, 0, 0.5]];
 
   return getStroke(inputPoints as number[][], {
     simulatePressure: element.simulatePressure,
-    size: element.strokeWidth * 4.25,
-    thinning: 0.6,
-    smoothing: 0.5,
-    streamline: 0.5,
+    size: element.strokeWidth * VARIABLE_WIDTH_FREEDRAW.SIZE_FACTOR,
+    thinning: VARIABLE_WIDTH_FREEDRAW.THINNING,
+    smoothing: VARIABLE_WIDTH_FREEDRAW.SMOOTHING,
+    streamline: getFreedrawStreamline(element),
     easing: (t) => Math.sin((t * Math.PI) / 2), // https://easings.net/#easeOutSine
     last: true,
   }) as [number, number][];
 };
 
+const createLaserPointer = (element: ExcalidrawFreeDrawElement) =>
+  new LaserPointer({
+    size: element.strokeWidth * CONSTANT_WIDTH_FREEDRAW.SIZE_FACTOR,
+    streamline: getFreedrawStreamline(element),
+    simplify: 0,
+    sizeMapping: (details) => Math.max(0.1, details.pressure),
+  });
+
+/**
+ * Uniform (constant width) freedraw outline, rendered with the laser-pointer
+ * geometry. Pressure is pinned to 1 so the stroke keeps a constant width.
+ */
+const getConstantWidthFreedrawOutline = (
+  element: ExcalidrawFreeDrawElement,
+): [number, number][] => {
+  const laserPointer = createLaserPointer(element);
+  element.points.map(([x, y]) => laserPointer.addPoint([x, y, 1]));
+
+  return laserPointer
+    .getStrokeOutline()
+    .map(([x, y]) => [x, y] as [number, number]);
+};
+
+export const getFreedrawOutlinePoints = (
+  element: ExcalidrawFreeDrawElement,
+): [number, number][] => {
+  // Unknown/absent variability falls back to the original variable rendering.
+  return element.strokeOptions?.variability === "constant"
+    ? getConstantWidthFreedrawOutline(element)
+    : getVariableWidthFreedrawOutline(element);
+};
+
 const med = (A: number[], B: number[]) => {
   return [(A[0] + B[0]) / 2, (A[1] + B[1]) / 2];
 };

packages/element/src/sortElements.ts

@@ -1,59 +1,56 @@
-import { arrayToMapWithIndex } from "@excalidraw/common";
+import { arrayToMap } from "@excalidraw/common";
 
 import type { ExcalidrawElement } from "./types";
 
-const normalizeGroupElementOrder = (elements: readonly ExcalidrawElement[]) => {
-  const origElements: ExcalidrawElement[] = elements.slice();
-  const sortedElements = new Set<ExcalidrawElement>();
-
-  const orderInnerGroups = (
-    elements: readonly ExcalidrawElement[],
-  ): ExcalidrawElement[] => {
-    const firstGroupSig = elements[0]?.groupIds?.join("");
-    const aGroup: ExcalidrawElement[] = [elements[0]];
-    const bGroup: ExcalidrawElement[] = [];
-    for (const element of elements.slice(1)) {
-      if (element.groupIds?.join("") === firstGroupSig) {
-        aGroup.push(element);
-      } else {
-        bGroup.push(element);
-      }
-    }
-    return bGroup.length ? [...aGroup, ...orderInnerGroups(bGroup)] : aGroup;
+const defragmentGroups = (elements: readonly ExcalidrawElement[]) => {
+  const groupIdAtLevel = (element: ExcalidrawElement, level: number) => {
+    return element.groupIds[element.groupIds.length - level - 1];
   };
 
-  const groupHandledElements = new Map<string, true>();
+  const orderLevel = (
+    levelElements: readonly ExcalidrawElement[],
+    level: number,
+  ): ExcalidrawElement[] => {
+    const buckets = new Map<string, ExcalidrawElement[]>();
+    // Slots preserve first-occurrence order: a groupId reserves its slot
+    // the first time one of its members is seen; loose elements occupy
+    // their own slot. Groups are then expanded (and recursed into) in place.
+    const slots: (ExcalidrawElement | string)[] = [];
 
-  origElements.forEach((element, idx) => {
-    if (groupHandledElements.has(element.id)) {
-      return;
-    }
-    if (element.groupIds?.length) {
-      const topGroup = element.groupIds[element.groupIds.length - 1];
-      const groupElements = origElements.slice(idx).filter((element) => {
-        const ret = element?.groupIds?.some((id) => id === topGroup);
-        if (ret) {
-          groupHandledElements.set(element!.id, true);
-        }
-        return ret;
-      });
-
-      for (const elem of orderInnerGroups(groupElements)) {
-        sortedElements.add(elem);
+    for (const element of levelElements) {
+      const groupId = groupIdAtLevel(element, level);
+      if (groupId === undefined) {
+        slots.push(element);
+        continue;
       }
-    } else {
-      sortedElements.add(element);
+      let bucket = buckets.get(groupId);
+      if (!bucket) {
+        bucket = [];
+        buckets.set(groupId, bucket);
+        slots.push(groupId);
+      }
+      bucket.push(element);
     }
-  });
+
+    return slots.flatMap((slot) =>
+      typeof slot === "string"
+        ? orderLevel(buckets.get(slot)!, level + 1)
+        : [slot],
+    );
+  };
+
+  // `groupIds` is stored innermost-first, so the outermost group is the
+  // last entry. We recurse from level 0 (outermost) inward.
+  const sortedElements = orderLevel(elements, 0);
 
   // if there's a bug which resulted in losing some of the elements, return
   // original instead as that's better than losing data
-  if (sortedElements.size !== elements.length) {
-    console.error("normalizeGroupElementOrder: lost some elements... bailing!");
+  if (sortedElements.length !== elements.length) {
+    console.error("defragmentGroups: lost some elements... bailing!");
     return elements;
   }
 
-  return [...sortedElements];
+  return sortedElements;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -68,39 +65,40 @@ const normalizeGroupElementOrder = (elements: readonly ExcalidrawElement[]) => {
 const normalizeBoundElementsOrder = (
   elements: readonly ExcalidrawElement[],
 ) => {
-  const elementsMap = arrayToMapWithIndex(elements);
+  const elementsMap = arrayToMap(elements);
 
-  const origElements: (ExcalidrawElement | null)[] = elements.slice();
   const sortedElements = new Set<ExcalidrawElement>();
 
-  origElements.forEach((element, idx) => {
-    if (!element) {
-      return;
+  for (const element of elements) {
+    if (sortedElements.has(element)) {
+      continue;
     }
+
     if (element.boundElements?.length) {
       sortedElements.add(element);
-      origElements[idx] = null;
-      element.boundElements.forEach((boundElement) => {
+      for (const boundElement of element.boundElements) {
         const child = elementsMap.get(boundElement.id);
         if (child && boundElement.type === "text") {
-          sortedElements.add(child[0]);
-          origElements[child[1]] = null;
+          sortedElements.add(child);
         }
-      });
-    } else if (element.type === "text" && element.containerId) {
-      const parent = elementsMap.get(element.containerId);
-      if (!parent?.[0].boundElements?.find((x) => x.id === element.id)) {
-        sortedElements.add(element);
-        origElements[idx] = null;
-
-        // if element has a container and container lists it, skip this element
-        // as it'll be taken care of by the container
       }
-    } else {
-      sortedElements.add(element);
-      origElements[idx] = null;
+      continue;
     }
-  });
+
+    // if element has a container and container lists it, skip this element
+    // as it'll be taken care of by the container
+    if (
+      element.type === "text" &&
+      element.containerId &&
+      elementsMap
+        .get(element.containerId)
+        ?.boundElements?.some((el) => el.id === element.id)
+    ) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    sortedElements.add(element);
+  }
 
   // if there's a bug which resulted in losing some of the elements, return
   // original instead as that's better than losing data
@@ -117,5 +115,5 @@ const normalizeBoundElementsOrder = (
 export const normalizeElementOrder = (
   elements: readonly ExcalidrawElement[],
 ) => {
-  return normalizeBoundElementsOrder(normalizeGroupElementOrder(elements));
+  return normalizeBoundElementsOrder(defragmentGroups(elements));
 };

packages/element/src/textElement.ts

@@ -347,6 +347,7 @@ export const getContainerCenter = (
     midSegmentMidpoint = LinearElementEditor.getSegmentMidPoint(
       container,
       index + 1,
+      elementsMap,
     );
   }
   return { x: midSegmentMidpoint[0], y: midSegmentMidpoint[1] };
@@ -441,7 +442,8 @@ const VALID_CONTAINER_TYPES = new Set([
 
 export const isValidTextContainer = (element: {
   type: ExcalidrawElementType;
-}) => VALID_CONTAINER_TYPES.has(element.type);
+}): element is ExcalidrawTextContainer =>
+  VALID_CONTAINER_TYPES.has(element.type);
 
 export const computeContainerDimensionForBoundText = (
   dimension: number,

packages/element/src/textWrapping.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,22 @@ import { charWidth, getLineWidth } from "./textMeasurements";
 
 import type { FontString } from "./types";
 
+/**
+ * This module approximates browser-like soft wrapping for Excalidraw text.
+ *
+ * The flow is:
+ * 1. `parseTokens()` splits a hard line into breakable tokens using a unicode-aware regex.
+ * 2. `getWrappedTextLines()` reflows each hard line into one or more visual lines and
+ *    records where each visual line came from in the source text.
+ * 3. `wrapLine()` assembles tokens into lines, and `wrapWord()` handles a single token
+ *    that is wider than the available width.
+ * 4. `trimLine()` / `trimLineEndAtSoftBreak()` mirror browser behavior around trailing
+ *    whitespace so the rendered text stays consistent with what users see on canvas.
+ *
+ * Mostly, you'll want to use wrapText(). getWrappedTextLines() is for callers
+ * that need metadata such as mapping visual lines back to `originalText`
+ * for caret placement or future editor features.
+ */
 let cachedCjkRegex: RegExp | undefined;
 let cachedLineBreakRegex: RegExp | undefined;
 let cachedEmojiRegex: RegExp | undefined;
@@ -358,6 +374,10 @@ const Break = {
 
 /**
  * Breaks the line into the tokens based on the found line break opporutnities.
+ *
+ * Note: tokenization normalizes to NFC first so decomposed graphemes are treated as
+ * their composed variants for wrapping. Any code that needs exact source offsets should
+ * keep in mind that this assumes the input text is already NFC-normalized.
  */
 export const parseTokens = (line: string) => {
   const breakLineRegex = getLineBreakRegex();
@@ -370,56 +390,120 @@ export const parseTokens = (line: string) => {
 
 /**
  * Wraps the original text into the lines based on the given width.
+ *
+ * This is a convenience adapter over `getWrappedTextLines()` for call sites
+ * that only need the rendered wrapped string and not the source offsets.
  */
 export const wrapText = (
   text: string,
   font: FontString,
   maxWidth: number,
 ): string => {
+  return getWrappedTextLines(text, font, maxWidth)
+    .map((line) => line.text)
+    .join("\n");
+};
+
+/**
+ * A single rendered visual line produced from the original text.
+ *
+ * `start` and `end` are end-exclusive code-unit offsets into the original text, and do
+ * not include synthetic soft line breaks inserted by this module. If trailing whitespace
+ * was trimmed away at a wrap boundary, `end` points to the last rendered character.
+ */
+export type WrappedTextLine = {
+  text: string;
+  start: number;
+  end: number;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Splits only on existing hard line breaks and preserves original offsets.
+ */
+const getHardLineBreaks = (text: string): WrappedTextLine[] => {
+  let offset = 0;
+
+  return text.split("\n").map((line) => {
+    const start = offset;
+    const end = start + line.length;
+
+    offset = end + 1;
+
+    return {
+      text: line,
+      start,
+      end,
+    };
+  });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns the rendered visual lines together with their source offsets.
+ *
+ * This is the source-of-truth wrapping pipeline for callers that need more than the
+ * final wrapped string, for example caret placement or future editor/rich-text mapping.
+ */
+export const getWrappedTextLines = (
+  text: string,
+  font: FontString,
+  maxWidth: number,
+): WrappedTextLine[] => {
   // if maxWidth is not finite or NaN which can happen in case of bugs in
   // computation, we need to make sure we don't continue as we'll end up
   // in an infinite loop
   if (!Number.isFinite(maxWidth) || maxWidth < 0) {
-    return text;
+    return getHardLineBreaks(text);
   }
 
-  const lines: Array<string> = [];
-  const originalLines = text.split("\n");
+  const lines: WrappedTextLine[] = [];
+  let offset = 0;
 
-  for (const originalLine of originalLines) {
-    const currentLineWidth = getLineWidth(originalLine, font);
+  for (const originalLine of text.split("\n")) {
+    const originalLineWidth = getLineWidth(originalLine, font);
 
-    if (currentLineWidth <= maxWidth) {
-      lines.push(originalLine);
-      continue;
+    if (originalLineWidth <= maxWidth) {
+      lines.push({
+        text: originalLine,
+        start: offset,
+        end: offset + originalLine.length,
+      });
+    } else {
+      lines.push(...wrapLine(originalLine, font, maxWidth, offset));
     }
 
-    const wrappedLine = wrapLine(originalLine, font, maxWidth);
-    lines.push(...wrappedLine);
+    offset += originalLine.length + 1;
   }
 
-  return lines.join("\n");
+  return lines;
 };
 
 /**
- * Wraps the original line into the lines based on the given width.
+ * Wraps a single hard line into one or more visual lines.
+ *
+ * The line-local offsets are tracked in original-text code units so
+ * we can map the visual line back to the source.
  */
 const wrapLine = (
   line: string,
   font: FontString,
   maxWidth: number,
-): string[] => {
-  const lines: Array<string> = [];
+  lineStart: number,
+): WrappedTextLine[] => {
+  const lines: WrappedTextLine[] = [];
   const tokens = parseTokens(line);
-  const tokenIterator = tokens[Symbol.iterator]();
 
   let currentLine = "";
+  let currentLineStart = lineStart;
+  let currentLineEnd = lineStart;
   let currentLineWidth = 0;
+  // Tracks the next token's code-unit position in the original source string.
+  let tokenOffset = lineStart;
+  let tokenIndex = 0;
 
-  let iterator = tokenIterator.next();
-
-  while (!iterator.done) {
-    const token = iterator.value;
+  while (tokenIndex < tokens.length) {
+    const token = tokens[tokenIndex];
+    const tokenStart = tokenOffset;
+    const tokenEnd = tokenStart + token.length;
     const testLine = currentLine + token;
 
     // cache single codepoint whitespace, CJK or emoji width calc. as kerning should not apply here
@@ -429,37 +513,59 @@ const wrapLine = (
 
     // build up the current line, skipping length check for possibly trailing whitespaces
     if (/\s/.test(token) || testLineWidth <= maxWidth) {
+      if (!currentLine) {
+        currentLineStart = tokenStart;
+      }
       currentLine = testLine;
+      currentLineEnd = tokenEnd;
       currentLineWidth = testLineWidth;
-      iterator = tokenIterator.next();
+      tokenOffset = tokenEnd;
+      tokenIndex++;
       continue;
     }
 
     // current line is empty => just the token (word) is longer than `maxWidth` and needs to be wrapped
     if (!currentLine) {
-      const wrappedWord = wrapWord(token, font, maxWidth);
-      const trailingLine = wrappedWord[wrappedWord.length - 1] ?? "";
+      const wrappedWord = wrapWord(token, font, maxWidth, tokenStart);
+      const trailingLine = wrappedWord[wrappedWord.length - 1] ?? {
+        text: "",
+        start: tokenStart,
+        end: tokenStart,
+      };
       const precedingLines = wrappedWord.slice(0, -1);
 
       lines.push(...precedingLines);
 
       // trailing line of the wrapped word might still be joined with next token/s
-      currentLine = trailingLine;
-      currentLineWidth = getLineWidth(trailingLine, font);
-      iterator = tokenIterator.next();
+      currentLine = trailingLine.text;
+      currentLineStart = trailingLine.start;
+      currentLineEnd = trailingLine.end;
+      currentLineWidth = getLineWidth(trailingLine.text, font);
+      tokenOffset = tokenEnd;
+      tokenIndex++;
     } else {
       // push & reset, but don't iterate on the next token, as we didn't use it yet!
-      lines.push(currentLine.trimEnd());
+      lines.push(
+        trimLineEndAtSoftBreak(currentLine, currentLineStart, currentLineEnd),
+      );
 
       // purposefully not iterating and not setting `currentLine` to `token`, so that we could use a simple !currentLine check above
       currentLine = "";
+      currentLineStart = tokenStart;
+      currentLineEnd = tokenStart;
       currentLineWidth = 0;
     }
   }
 
   // iterator done, push the trailing line if exists
   if (currentLine) {
-    const trailingLine = trimLine(currentLine, font, maxWidth);
+    const trailingLine = trimLine(
+      currentLine,
+      currentLineStart,
+      currentLineEnd,
+      font,
+      maxWidth,
+    );
     lines.push(trailingLine);
   }
 
@@ -467,59 +573,100 @@ const wrapLine = (
 };
 
 /**
- * Wraps the word into the lines based on the given width.
+ * Wraps a single word that could not be placed on an empty line as-is.
  */
 const wrapWord = (
   word: string,
   font: FontString,
   maxWidth: number,
-): Array<string> => {
+  wordStart: number,
+): WrappedTextLine[] => {
   // multi-codepoint emojis are already broken apart and shouldn't be broken further
   if (getEmojiRegex().test(word)) {
-    return [word];
+    return [
+      {
+        text: word,
+        start: wordStart,
+        end: wordStart + word.length,
+      },
+    ];
   }
 
   satisfiesWordInvariant(word);
 
-  const lines: Array<string> = [];
+  const lines: WrappedTextLine[] = [];
   const chars = Array.from(word);
 
   let currentLine = "";
+  let currentLineStart = wordStart;
+  let currentLineEnd = wordStart;
   let currentLineWidth = 0;
+  let offset = wordStart;
 
   for (const char of chars) {
+    const charStart = offset;
+    const charEnd = charStart + char.length;
     const _charWidth = charWidth.calculate(char, font);
     const testLineWidth = currentLineWidth + _charWidth;
 
     if (testLineWidth <= maxWidth) {
+      if (!currentLine) {
+        currentLineStart = charStart;
+      }
       currentLine = currentLine + char;
+      currentLineEnd = charEnd;
       currentLineWidth = testLineWidth;
+      offset = charEnd;
       continue;
     }
 
     if (currentLine) {
-      lines.push(currentLine);
+      lines.push({
+        text: currentLine,
+        start: currentLineStart,
+        end: currentLineEnd,
+      });
     }
 
     currentLine = char;
+    currentLineStart = charStart;
+    currentLineEnd = charEnd;
     currentLineWidth = _charWidth;
+    offset = charEnd;
   }
 
   if (currentLine) {
-    lines.push(currentLine);
+    lines.push({
+      text: currentLine,
+      start: currentLineStart,
+      end: currentLineEnd,
+    });
   }
 
   return lines;
 };
 
 /**
- * Similarly to browsers, does not trim all trailing whitespaces, but only those exceeding the `maxWidth`.
+ * Trims trailing whitespace that is exceeding the `maxWidth`.
+ *
+ * Used for the trailing visual line of a hard line, where some trailing
+ * whitespace may still be visible if it fits into the available width.
  */
-const trimLine = (line: string, font: FontString, maxWidth: number) => {
+const trimLine = (
+  line: string,
+  start: number,
+  end: number,
+  font: FontString,
+  maxWidth: number,
+): WrappedTextLine => {
   const shouldTrimWhitespaces = getLineWidth(line, font) > maxWidth;
 
   if (!shouldTrimWhitespaces) {
-    return line;
+    return {
+      text: line,
+      start,
+      end,
+    };
   }
 
   // defensively default to `trimeEnd` in case the regex does not match
@@ -543,7 +690,30 @@ const trimLine = (line: string, font: FontString, maxWidth: number) => {
     trimmedLineWidth = testLineWidth;
   }
 
-  return trimmedLine;
+  return {
+    text: trimmedLine,
+    start,
+    end: end - (line.length - trimmedLine.length),
+  };
+};
+
+/**
+ * Used for internal soft-wrap boundaries, where trailing whitespace should not
+ * survive into the rendered line even though it still exists in the original
+ * text.
+ */
+const trimLineEndAtSoftBreak = (
+  line: string,
+  start: number,
+  end: number,
+): WrappedTextLine => {
+  const trimmedLine = line.trimEnd();
+
+  return {
+    text: trimmedLine,
+    start,
+    end: end - (line.length - trimmedLine.length),
+  };
 };
 
 /**

packages/element/src/typeChecks.ts

@@ -392,3 +392,23 @@ export const canBecomePolygon = (
     (points.length === 3 && !pointsEqual(points[0], points[points.length - 1]))
   );
 };
+
+export const isEligibleFrameChildType = (type: ElementOrToolType) => {
+  switch (type) {
+    case "rectangle":
+    case "diamond":
+    case "ellipse":
+    case "arrow":
+    case "line":
+    case "freedraw":
+    case "text":
+    case "image":
+    case "frame":
+    case "embeddable": {
+      return true;
+    }
+    default: {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+};

packages/element/src/types.ts

@@ -303,19 +303,32 @@ export type PointsPositionUpdates = Map<
   { point: LocalPoint; isDragging?: boolean }
 >;
 
+export type CardinalityArrowhead =
+  | "cardinality_one"
+  | "cardinality_many"
+  | "cardinality_one_or_many"
+  | "cardinality_exactly_one"
+  | "cardinality_zero_or_one"
+  | "cardinality_zero_or_many";
+
+export type ArrowheadLegacy =
+  | "dot"
+  | "crowfoot_one"
+  | "crowfoot_many"
+  | "crowfoot_one_or_many";
+
 export type Arrowhead =
   | "arrow"
   | "bar"
-  | "dot" // legacy. Do not use for new elements.
   | "circle"
   | "circle_outline"
   | "triangle"
   | "triangle_outline"
   | "diamond"
   | "diamond_outline"
-  | "crowfoot_one"
-  | "crowfoot_many"
-  | "crowfoot_one_or_many";
+  | CardinalityArrowhead;
+
+export type AnyArrowhead = Arrowhead | ArrowheadLegacy;
 
 export type ExcalidrawLinearElement = _ExcalidrawElementBase &
   Readonly<{
@@ -371,12 +384,20 @@ export type ExcalidrawElbowArrowElement = Merge<
   }
 >;
 
+export type StrokeVariability = "variable" | "constant";
+
+export type StrokeOptions = Readonly<{
+  variability: StrokeVariability;
+  streamline: number;
+}>;
+
 export type ExcalidrawFreeDrawElement = _ExcalidrawElementBase &
   Readonly<{
     type: "freedraw";
     points: readonly LocalPoint[];
     pressures: readonly number[];
     simulatePressure: boolean;
+    strokeOptions: StrokeOptions;
   }>;
 
 export type FileId = string & { _brand: "FileId" };

packages/element/src/utils.ts

@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ const setElementShapesCacheEntry = <T extends ExcalidrawElement>(
  */
 export function deconstructLinearOrFreeDrawElement(
   element: ExcalidrawLinearElement | ExcalidrawFreeDrawElement,
+  elementsMap: ElementsMap,
 ): [LineSegment<GlobalPoint>[], Curve<GlobalPoint>[]] {
   const cachedShape = getElementShapesCacheEntry(element, 0);
 
@@ -131,10 +132,7 @@ export function deconstructLinearOrFreeDrawElement(
     return cachedShape;
   }
 
-  const ops = generateLinearCollisionShape(element) as {
-    op: string;
-    data: number[];
-  }[];
+  const ops = generateLinearCollisionShape(element, elementsMap);
   const lines = [];
   const curves = [];
 

packages/element/src/visualdebug.ts

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
   pointFrom,
   type GlobalPoint,
   type LocalPoint,
+  type LineSegment,
 } from "@excalidraw/math";
 import { type Bounds, isBounds } from "@excalidraw/common";
 import {
@@ -17,7 +18,6 @@ import {
 
 import type { ElementsMap, ExcalidrawElement } from "@excalidraw/element/types";
 import type { Curve } from "@excalidraw/math";
-import type { LineSegment } from "@excalidraw/utils";
 
 // The global data holder to collect the debug operations
 declare global {

packages/element/src/zindex.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 import { arrayToMap, findIndex, findLastIndex } from "@excalidraw/common";
 
+import { isFiniteNumber } from "@excalidraw/math";
+
 import type { AppState } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw/types";
 import type { GlobalPoint } from "@excalidraw/math";
 
@@ -313,12 +315,46 @@ const getTargetElementsMap = <T extends ExcalidrawElement>(
   }, new Map<string, ExcalidrawElement>());
 };
 
+const hasSameElementIds = (
+  prevElements: readonly ExcalidrawElement[],
+  nextElements: readonly ExcalidrawElement[],
+) => {
+  if (prevElements.length !== nextElements.length) {
+    console.error(
+      "z-index reordering failed: resulting array have different lengths",
+    );
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const prevElementIdCounts = new Map<ExcalidrawElement["id"], number>();
+  for (const element of prevElements) {
+    prevElementIdCounts.set(
+      element.id,
+      (prevElementIdCounts.get(element.id) || 0) + 1,
+    );
+  }
+
+  for (const element of nextElements) {
+    const count = prevElementIdCounts.get(element.id);
+    if (!count) {
+      console.error(
+        "z-index reordering failed: element id mismatch / duplicate ids",
+      );
+      return false;
+    }
+    prevElementIdCounts.set(element.id, count - 1);
+  }
+
+  return true;
+};
+
 const shiftElementsByOne = (
   elements: readonly ExcalidrawElement[],
   appState: AppState,
   direction: "left" | "right",
   scene: Scene,
 ) => {
+  const originalElements = elements;
   const indicesToMove = getIndicesToMove(elements, appState);
   const targetElementsMap = getTargetElementsMap(elements, indicesToMove);
 
@@ -389,6 +425,10 @@ const shiftElementsByOne = (
           ];
   });
 
+  if (!hasSameElementIds(originalElements, elements)) {
+    return originalElements;
+  }
+
   syncMovedIndices(elements, targetElementsMap);
 
   return elements;
@@ -402,11 +442,20 @@ const shiftElementsToEnd = (
   elementsToBeMoved?: readonly ExcalidrawElement[],
 ) => {
   const indicesToMove = getIndicesToMove(elements, appState, elementsToBeMoved);
+
+  // Nothing to move (e.g. `elementsToBeMoved` is empty because all selected
+  // elements were frame children handled in a prior pass). Bail out early —
+  // otherwise `leadingIndex`/`trailingIndex` below resolve to `undefined` and
+  // the resulting `slice()` calls overlap, duplicating elements.
+  if (indicesToMove.length === 0) {
+    return elements;
+  }
+
   const targetElementsMap = getTargetElementsMap(elements, indicesToMove);
   const displacedElements: ExcalidrawElement[] = [];
 
-  let leadingIndex: number;
-  let trailingIndex: number;
+  let leadingIndex: number | undefined;
+  let trailingIndex: number | undefined;
   if (direction === "left") {
     if (containingFrame) {
       leadingIndex = findIndex(elements, (el) =>
@@ -451,6 +500,19 @@ const shiftElementsToEnd = (
     leadingIndex = 0;
   }
 
+  const isValidIndex = (index: number | undefined): index is number => {
+    return isFiniteNumber(index) && index >= 0;
+  };
+
+  if (
+    !isValidIndex(leadingIndex) ||
+    !isValidIndex(trailingIndex) ||
+    leadingIndex > trailingIndex ||
+    indicesToMove.some((index) => index < leadingIndex || index > trailingIndex)
+  ) {
+    return elements;
+  }
+
   for (let index = leadingIndex; index < trailingIndex + 1; index++) {
     if (!indicesToMove.includes(index)) {
       displacedElements.push(elements[index]);
@@ -475,6 +537,10 @@ const shiftElementsToEnd = (
           ...trailingElements,
         ];
 
+  if (!hasSameElementIds(elements, nextElements)) {
+    return elements;
+  }
+
   syncMovedIndices(nextElements, targetElementsMap);
 
   return nextElements;
@@ -543,7 +609,7 @@ function shiftElementsAccountingForFrames(
 
   for (const [frameId, children] of frameChildrenSets) {
     nextElements = shiftFunction(
-      allElements,
+      nextElements,
       appState,
       direction,
       frameId,

packages/element/tests/binding.test.tsx

@@ -178,6 +178,64 @@ describe("binding for simple arrows", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  describe("self-binding (both ends to the same element) single-click finalize", () => {
+    // rect spans x:200..400, y:200..400; orbit ring is ~15px outside the outline
+    const INSIDE: [number, number] = [250, 250];
+    const ORBIT_LEFT: [number, number] = [187, 300];
+    const ORBIT_RIGHT: [number, number] = [413, 300];
+    const MIDDLE: [number, number] = [550, 100];
+
+    beforeEach(async () => {
+      mouse.reset();
+      await act(() => setLanguage(defaultLang));
+      await render(<Excalidraw handleKeyboardGlobally={true} />);
+      UI.createElement("rectangle", {
+        x: 200,
+        y: 200,
+        width: 200,
+        height: 200,
+      });
+    });
+
+    const drawSelfArrow = (start: [number, number], end: [number, number]) => {
+      UI.clickTool("arrow");
+      mouse.reset();
+      mouse.clickAt(...start);
+      mouse.moveTo(...MIDDLE);
+      mouse.clickAt(...MIDDLE); // commit a middle point so it's a multi-point arrow
+      mouse.moveTo(...end);
+      mouse.clickAt(...end); // single click at the end
+    };
+
+    it("orbit -> orbit finalizes on a single click", () => {
+      drawSelfArrow(ORBIT_LEFT, ORBIT_RIGHT);
+
+      const arrow = h.elements[h.elements.length - 1] as ExcalidrawArrowElement;
+      expect(h.state.multiElement).toBe(null);
+      expect(h.state.activeTool.type).toBe("selection");
+      expect(arrow.startBinding?.elementId).toBe(arrow.endBinding?.elementId);
+      expect(arrow.endBinding?.elementId).not.toBe(undefined);
+    });
+
+    it("inside -> orbit finalizes on a single click", () => {
+      drawSelfArrow(INSIDE, ORBIT_RIGHT);
+
+      const arrow = h.elements[h.elements.length - 1] as ExcalidrawArrowElement;
+      expect(h.state.multiElement).toBe(null);
+      expect(h.state.activeTool.type).toBe("selection");
+      expect(arrow.startBinding?.elementId).toBe(arrow.endBinding?.elementId);
+      expect(arrow.endBinding?.elementId).not.toBe(undefined);
+    });
+
+    it("inside -> inside keep in multi-point mode (no single-click finalize)", () => {
+      drawSelfArrow(INSIDE, [INSIDE[0] + 50, INSIDE[1] + 50]); // end dropped inside the rect
+
+      // ambiguous → must be confirmed with a second click, so still in progress
+      expect(h.state.multiElement).not.toBe(null);
+      expect(h.state.activeTool.type).toBe("arrow");
+    });
+  });
+
   describe("when arrow is outside of shape", () => {
     beforeEach(async () => {
       mouse.reset();
@@ -403,6 +461,7 @@ describe("binding for simple arrows", () => {
       mouse.moveTo(340, 251);
       mouse.moveTo(410, 251);
       mouse.clickAt(410, 251);
+      mouse.clickAt(410, 251);
       const arrow = h.elements[h.elements.length - 1] as any;
 
       expect(arrow.startBinding?.elementId).toBe(rectLeft.id);
@@ -447,6 +506,7 @@ describe("binding for simple arrows", () => {
       mouse.moveTo(350, 251);
       mouse.moveTo(410, 251);
       mouse.clickAt(410, 251);
+      mouse.clickAt(410, 251);
 
       const arrow = API.getSelectedElement() as ExcalidrawArrowElement;
 

packages/element/tests/bounds.test.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 import { pointFrom } from "@excalidraw/math";
-
-import { arrayToMap, ROUNDNESS } from "@excalidraw/common";
+import { arrayToMap, type Bounds, ROUNDNESS } from "@excalidraw/common";
+import { API } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw/tests/helpers/api";
 
 import type { LocalPoint } from "@excalidraw/math";
 
-import { getElementAbsoluteCoords, getElementBounds } from "../src/bounds";
+import {
+  elementsOverlappingBBox,
+  getElementAbsoluteCoords,
+  getElementBounds,
+} from "../src/bounds";
 
 import type { ExcalidrawElement, ExcalidrawLinearElement } from "../src/types";
 
@@ -141,3 +145,65 @@ describe("getElementBounds", () => {
     expect(y2).toEqual(319.8162855827246);
   });
 });
+
+const makeElement = (x: number, y: number, width: number, height: number) =>
+  API.createElement({
+    type: "rectangle",
+    x,
+    y,
+    width,
+    height,
+  });
+
+const makeBBox = (
+  minX: number,
+  minY: number,
+  maxX: number,
+  maxY: number,
+): Bounds => [minX, minY, maxX, maxY];
+
+describe("elementsOverlappingBBox()", () => {
+  it("should return elements that overlap bbox", () => {
+    const bbox = makeBBox(0, 0, 100, 100);
+
+    const rectOutside = makeElement(110, 110, 100, 100);
+    const rectInside = makeElement(10, 10, 85, 85);
+    const rectContainingBBox = makeElement(-10, -10, 110, 110);
+    const rectOverlappingTopLeft = makeElement(-10, -10, 50, 50);
+
+    expect(
+      elementsOverlappingBBox({
+        bounds: bbox,
+        type: "overlap",
+        elements: [
+          rectOutside,
+          rectInside,
+          rectContainingBBox,
+          rectOverlappingTopLeft,
+        ],
+      }),
+    ).toEqual([rectInside, rectOverlappingTopLeft]);
+  });
+
+  it("should return elements inside/containing bbox", () => {
+    const bbox = makeBBox(0, 0, 100, 100);
+
+    const rectOutside = makeElement(110, 110, 100, 100);
+    const rectInside = makeElement(10, 10, 85, 85);
+    const rectContainingBBox = makeElement(-10, -10, 110, 110);
+    const rectOverlappingTopLeft = makeElement(-10, -10, 50, 50);
+
+    expect(
+      elementsOverlappingBBox({
+        bounds: bbox,
+        type: "contain",
+        elements: [
+          rectOutside,
+          rectInside,
+          rectContainingBBox,
+          rectOverlappingTopLeft,
+        ],
+      }),
+    ).toEqual([rectInside]);
+  });
+});

packages/element/tests/collision.test.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { arrayToMap } from "@excalidraw/common";
+import { arrayToMap, reseed } from "@excalidraw/common";
 import { type GlobalPoint, type LocalPoint, pointFrom } from "@excalidraw/math";
 import { Excalidraw } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw";
 import { API } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw/tests/helpers/api";
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import { hitElementItself } from "../src/collision";
 describe("check rotated elements can be hit:", () => {
   beforeEach(async () => {
     localStorage.clear();
+    reseed(7);
     await render(<Excalidraw handleKeyboardGlobally={true} />);
   });
 
@@ -56,6 +57,7 @@ describe("hitElementItself cache", () => {
     });
 
     localStorage.clear();
+    reseed(7);
     await render(<Excalidraw handleKeyboardGlobally={true} />);
   });
 

packages/element/tests/fractionalIndex.test.ts

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 /* eslint-disable no-lone-blocks */
-import { generateKeyBetween } from "fractional-indexing";
-
 import { arrayToMap } from "@excalidraw/common";
 
 import {
+  InvalidFractionalIndexError,
   syncInvalidIndices,
   syncMovedIndices,
   validateFractionalIndices,
@@ -13,13 +12,34 @@ import { deepCopyElement } from "@excalidraw/element";
 
 import { API } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw/tests/helpers/api";
 
+import {
+  generateKeyBetween,
+  validateOrderKey,
+} from "@excalidraw/fractional-indexing";
+
 import type {
   ElementsMap,
   ExcalidrawElement,
   FractionalIndex,
 } from "@excalidraw/element/types";
 
-import { InvalidFractionalIndexError } from "../src/fractionalIndex";
+describe("fractional index format validation", () => {
+  it("should reject malformed base62 order keys", () => {
+    expect(() => validateOrderKey("a!")).toThrow();
+    expect(() => validateOrderKey("a_")).toThrow();
+    expect(() => validateOrderKey("a1!")).toThrow();
+    expect(() => validateOrderKey("a1_")).toThrow();
+    expect(() => validateOrderKey("zd0032")).toThrow();
+  });
+
+  it("should accept valid base62 order keys", () => {
+    expect(() => validateOrderKey("Zz")).not.toThrow();
+    expect(() => validateOrderKey("a0")).not.toThrow();
+    expect(() => validateOrderKey("a1")).not.toThrow();
+    expect(() => validateOrderKey("a1V")).not.toThrow();
+    expect(() => validateOrderKey("z".padEnd(28, "z"))).not.toThrow();
+  });
+});
 
 describe("sync invalid indices with array order", () => {
   describe("should NOT sync empty array", () => {
@@ -104,6 +124,46 @@ describe("sync invalid indices with array order", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  describe("should sync when fractional index is malformed", () => {
+    // "zd0032" has head "z" which requires length 28 per getIntegerLength,
+    // but the string is far too short, so validateOrderKey throws for it
+    testInvalidIndicesSync({
+      elements: [{ id: "A", index: "zd0032" }],
+      expect: {
+        unchangedElements: [],
+      },
+    });
+
+    testInvalidIndicesSync({
+      elements: [
+        { id: "A", index: "a1" },
+        { id: "B", index: "zd0032" },
+        { id: "C", index: "a3" },
+      ],
+      expect: {
+        unchangedElements: ["A", "C"],
+      },
+    });
+
+    testInvalidIndicesSync({
+      elements: [{ id: "A", index: "a!" }],
+      expect: {
+        unchangedElements: [],
+      },
+    });
+
+    testInvalidIndicesSync({
+      elements: [
+        { id: "A", index: "a1" },
+        { id: "B", index: "a!" },
+        { id: "C", index: "a2" },
+      ],
+      expect: {
+        unchangedElements: ["A", "C"],
+      },
+    });
+  });
+
   describe("should sync when fractional indices are duplicated", () => {
     testInvalidIndicesSync({
       elements: [

packages/element/tests/frame.test.tsx

@@ -2,15 +2,24 @@ import {
   convertToExcalidrawElements,
   Excalidraw,
 } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw";
+import { arrayToMap } from "@excalidraw/common";
 
 import { API } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw/tests/helpers/api";
-import { Keyboard, Pointer } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw/tests/helpers/ui";
+import { Keyboard, Pointer, UI } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw/tests/helpers/ui";
+import { getTextEditor } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw/tests/queries/dom";
 import {
   getCloneByOrigId,
   render,
 } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw/tests/test-utils";
 
-import type { ExcalidrawElement } from "../src/types";
+import { getSelectedElements } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw/scene";
+
+import { elementOverlapsWithFrame } from "../src/frame";
+
+import type {
+  ExcalidrawElement,
+  ExcalidrawFrameLikeElement,
+} from "../src/types";
 
 const { h } = window;
 const mouse = new Pointer("mouse");
@@ -125,6 +134,250 @@ describe("adding elements to frames", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  it("should treat an element fully containing a frame as overlapping the frame", () => {
+    const containingRect = API.createElement({
+      type: "rectangle",
+      x: -50,
+      y: -50,
+      width: 250,
+      height: 250,
+    });
+
+    API.setElements([containingRect, frame]);
+
+    expect(
+      elementOverlapsWithFrame(
+        containingRect,
+        frame as ExcalidrawFrameLikeElement,
+        arrayToMap(h.elements),
+      ),
+    ).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it("should not add a newly created element to a frame behind a non-frame element", () => {
+    const cover = API.createElement({
+      id: "cover",
+      type: "rectangle",
+      x: 10,
+      y: 10,
+      width: 80,
+      height: 80,
+      backgroundColor: "#ffc9c9",
+    });
+
+    API.setElements([frame, cover]);
+
+    UI.clickTool("rectangle");
+    mouse.downAt(20, 20);
+    mouse.moveTo(40, 40);
+    mouse.upAt(40, 40);
+
+    const createdElement = h.elements.find(
+      (element) => element.id !== frame.id && element.id !== cover.id,
+    );
+
+    expect(createdElement?.frameId).toBe(null);
+    expect(h.elements.map((element) => element.id)).toEqual([
+      frame.id,
+      cover.id,
+      createdElement?.id,
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("should add a newly created element to a frame over a non-frame element", () => {
+    const cover = API.createElement({
+      id: "cover",
+      type: "rectangle",
+      x: 10,
+      y: 10,
+      width: 80,
+      height: 80,
+      backgroundColor: "#ffc9c9",
+    });
+
+    API.setElements([cover, frame]);
+
+    UI.clickTool("rectangle");
+    mouse.downAt(20, 20);
+    mouse.moveTo(40, 40);
+    mouse.upAt(40, 40);
+
+    const createdElement = h.elements.find(
+      (element) => element.id !== frame.id && element.id !== cover.id,
+    );
+
+    expect(createdElement?.frameId).toBe(frame.id);
+  });
+
+  it("should highlight the target frame while creating a new element", () => {
+    API.setElements([frame]);
+
+    UI.clickTool("rectangle");
+    mouse.downAt(20, 20);
+    mouse.moveTo(40, 40);
+
+    expect(h.state.frameToHighlight?.id).toBe(frame.id);
+
+    mouse.upAt(40, 40);
+
+    expect(h.state.frameToHighlight).toBe(null);
+  });
+
+  it("should highlight the target frame while hovering with a creation tool", () => {
+    API.setElements([frame]);
+
+    UI.clickTool("rectangle");
+    mouse.moveTo(20, 20);
+
+    expect(h.state.frameToHighlight?.id).toBe(frame.id);
+
+    mouse.moveTo(200, 200);
+
+    expect(h.state.frameToHighlight).toBe(null);
+  });
+
+  it("should not add grid-snapped text outside the frame to the clicked frame", async () => {
+    const offsetFrame = API.createElement({
+      id: "offsetFrame",
+      type: "frame",
+      x: 10,
+      y: 0,
+      width: 150,
+      height: 150,
+    });
+
+    API.setElements([offsetFrame]);
+    API.setAppState({
+      gridModeEnabled: true,
+    });
+
+    UI.clickTool("text");
+    mouse.clickAt(12, 0);
+
+    await getTextEditor();
+
+    const createdText = h.elements.find(
+      (element) => element.id !== offsetFrame.id,
+    );
+
+    expect(createdText?.x).toBe(0);
+    expect(createdText?.y).toBe(0);
+    expect(createdText?.frameId).toBe(null);
+  });
+
+  it("should add a newly created element to a frame behind another frame", () => {
+    const lockedFrame = API.createElement({
+      id: "lockedFrame",
+      type: "frame",
+      x: 10,
+      y: 10,
+      width: 80,
+      height: 80,
+      locked: true,
+    });
+
+    API.setElements([frame, lockedFrame]);
+
+    UI.clickTool("rectangle");
+    mouse.downAt(20, 20);
+    mouse.moveTo(40, 40);
+    mouse.upAt(40, 40);
+
+    const createdElement = h.elements.find(
+      (element) => element.id !== frame.id && element.id !== lockedFrame.id,
+    );
+
+    expect(createdElement?.frameId).toBe(frame.id);
+  });
+
+  it("should insert a newly created frame child just below its frame", () => {
+    const frameChildUnderCursor = API.createElement({
+      id: "frameChildUnderCursor",
+      type: "rectangle",
+      x: 10,
+      y: 10,
+      width: 80,
+      height: 80,
+      backgroundColor: "#ffc9c9",
+      frameId: frame.id,
+    });
+    const otherFrameChild = API.createElement({
+      id: "otherFrameChild",
+      type: "rectangle",
+      x: 100,
+      y: 20,
+      width: 20,
+      height: 20,
+      frameId: frame.id,
+    });
+
+    API.setElements([frameChildUnderCursor, otherFrameChild, frame]);
+
+    UI.clickTool("rectangle");
+    mouse.downAt(20, 20);
+    mouse.moveTo(40, 40);
+    mouse.upAt(40, 40);
+
+    const createdElement = h.elements.find(
+      (element) =>
+        element.id !== frame.id &&
+        element.id !== frameChildUnderCursor.id &&
+        element.id !== otherFrameChild.id,
+    );
+
+    expect(createdElement?.frameId).toBe(frame.id);
+    expect(h.elements.map((element) => element.id)).toEqual([
+      frameChildUnderCursor.id,
+      otherFrameChild.id,
+      createdElement?.id,
+      frame.id,
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("should insert a newly created frame child above the highest frame child", () => {
+    const frameChildUnderCursor = API.createElement({
+      id: "frameChildUnderCursor",
+      type: "rectangle",
+      x: 10,
+      y: 10,
+      width: 80,
+      height: 80,
+      backgroundColor: "#ffc9c9",
+      frameId: frame.id,
+    });
+    const otherFrameChild = API.createElement({
+      id: "otherFrameChild",
+      type: "rectangle",
+      x: 100,
+      y: 20,
+      width: 20,
+      height: 20,
+      frameId: frame.id,
+    });
+
+    API.setElements([frame, frameChildUnderCursor, otherFrameChild]);
+
+    UI.clickTool("rectangle");
+    mouse.downAt(20, 20);
+    mouse.moveTo(40, 40);
+    mouse.upAt(40, 40);
+
+    const createdElement = h.elements.find(
+      (element) =>
+        element.id !== frame.id &&
+        element.id !== frameChildUnderCursor.id &&
+        element.id !== otherFrameChild.id,
+    );
+
+    expect(createdElement?.frameId).toBe(frame.id);
+    expect(h.elements.map((element) => element.id)).toEqual([
+      frame.id,
+      frameChildUnderCursor.id,
+      otherFrameChild.id,
+      createdElement?.id,
+    ]);
+  });
+
   const commonTestCases = async (
     func: typeof resizeFrameOverElement | typeof dragElementIntoFrame,
   ) => {
@@ -415,6 +668,373 @@ describe("adding elements to frames", () => {
   describe("dragging elements into the frame", async () => {
     await commonTestCases(dragElementIntoFrame);
 
+    it("should add a dragged element fully containing the frame", () => {
+      const containingRect = API.createElement({
+        type: "rectangle",
+        x: 220,
+        y: 20,
+        width: 300,
+        height: 300,
+      });
+
+      API.setElements([frame, containingRect]);
+
+      dragElementIntoFrame(frame, containingRect);
+
+      expect(API.getElement(containingRect).frameId).toBe(frame.id);
+    });
+
+    it("should drag an element into a frame", () => {
+      API.setElements([rect2, frame]);
+
+      dragElementIntoFrame(frame, rect2);
+
+      expect(rect2.frameId).toBe(frame.id);
+    });
+
+    it("should move an element dragged from one frame into another", () => {
+      const otherFrame = API.createElement({
+        id: "otherFrame",
+        type: "frame",
+        x: 300,
+        y: 0,
+        width: 150,
+        height: 150,
+      });
+      const frameChild = API.createElement({
+        id: "frameChild",
+        type: "rectangle",
+        x: 50,
+        y: 50,
+        width: 20,
+        height: 20,
+        frameId: frame.id,
+      });
+
+      API.setElements([frame, frameChild, otherFrame]);
+
+      expect(frameChild.frameId).toBe(frame.id);
+
+      dragElementIntoFrame(otherFrame, frameChild);
+
+      expect(frameChild.frameId).toBe(otherFrame.id);
+    });
+
+    it("should layer a dragged element above the highest frame child", () => {
+      const frameChild = API.createElement({
+        id: "frameChild",
+        type: "rectangle",
+        x: 10,
+        y: 10,
+        width: 20,
+        height: 20,
+        frameId: frame.id,
+      });
+
+      API.setElements([frame, frameChild, rect2]);
+
+      dragElementIntoFrame(frame, rect2);
+
+      expect(rect2.frameId).toBe(frame.id);
+      expect(h.elements.map((element) => element.id)).toEqual([
+        frame.id,
+        frameChild.id,
+        rect2.id,
+      ]);
+      expect(rect2.index! > frameChild.index!).toBe(true);
+      expect(rect2.index! > frame.index!).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it("should preview a dragged element above the highest frame child before pointerup", () => {
+      const frameChild = API.createElement({
+        id: "frameChild",
+        type: "rectangle",
+        x: 10,
+        y: 10,
+        width: 20,
+        height: 20,
+        frameId: frame.id,
+      });
+
+      API.setElements([rect2, frame, frameChild]);
+      API.setSelectedElements([rect2]);
+      API.updateElement(rect2, {
+        x: 10,
+        y: 10,
+      });
+
+      const getRenderableElementIds = (
+        selectedElementsAreBeingDragged: boolean,
+      ) => {
+        return h.app.renderer
+          .getRenderableElements({
+            zoom: h.state.zoom,
+            offsetLeft: 0,
+            offsetTop: 0,
+            scrollX: 0,
+            scrollY: 0,
+            height: 1000,
+            width: 1000,
+            editingTextElement: h.state.editingTextElement,
+            newElement: h.state.newElement,
+            selectedElements: getSelectedElements(h.elements, h.state),
+            selectedElementsAreBeingDragged,
+            frameToHighlight: frame as ExcalidrawFrameLikeElement,
+          })
+          .visibleElements.map((element) => element.id);
+      };
+
+      expect(h.elements.map((element) => element.id)).toEqual([
+        rect2.id,
+        frame.id,
+        frameChild.id,
+      ]);
+      expect(getRenderableElementIds(false)).toEqual([
+        rect2.id,
+        frame.id,
+        frameChild.id,
+      ]);
+      expect(getRenderableElementIds(true)).toEqual([
+        frame.id,
+        frameChild.id,
+        rect2.id,
+      ]);
+      expect(h.elements.map((element) => element.id)).toEqual([
+        rect2.id,
+        frame.id,
+        frameChild.id,
+      ]);
+      expect(rect2.frameId).toBe(null);
+    });
+
+    it("should not preview reorder dragged elements already in the highlighted frame", () => {
+      const frameChild = API.createElement({
+        id: "frameChild",
+        type: "rectangle",
+        x: 10,
+        y: 10,
+        width: 20,
+        height: 20,
+        frameId: frame.id,
+      });
+      const otherFrameChild = API.createElement({
+        id: "otherFrameChild",
+        type: "rectangle",
+        x: 40,
+        y: 10,
+        width: 20,
+        height: 20,
+        frameId: frame.id,
+      });
+
+      API.setElements([frameChild, frame, otherFrameChild]);
+      API.setSelectedElements([frameChild]);
+
+      const renderableElementIds = h.app.renderer
+        .getRenderableElements({
+          zoom: h.state.zoom,
+          offsetLeft: 0,
+          offsetTop: 0,
+          scrollX: 0,
+          scrollY: 0,
+          height: 1000,
+          width: 1000,
+          editingTextElement: h.state.editingTextElement,
+          newElement: h.state.newElement,
+          selectedElements: getSelectedElements(h.elements, h.state),
+          selectedElementsAreBeingDragged: true,
+          frameToHighlight: frame as ExcalidrawFrameLikeElement,
+        })
+        .visibleElements.map((element) => element.id);
+
+      expect(renderableElementIds).toEqual([
+        frameChild.id,
+        frame.id,
+        otherFrameChild.id,
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it("should put a dragged mixed selection above the highest frame child", () => {
+      const frameChild = API.createElement({
+        id: "frameChild",
+        type: "rectangle",
+        x: 50,
+        y: 10,
+        width: 20,
+        height: 20,
+        frameId: frame.id,
+        boundElements: [{ id: "boundText", type: "text" }],
+      });
+      const boundText = API.createElement({
+        id: "boundText",
+        type: "text",
+        x: 50,
+        y: 10,
+        width: 20,
+        height: 20,
+        containerId: frameChild.id,
+        frameId: frame.id,
+      });
+      const otherFrameChild = API.createElement({
+        id: "otherFrameChild",
+        type: "rectangle",
+        x: 80,
+        y: 10,
+        width: 20,
+        height: 20,
+        frameId: frame.id,
+      });
+      const nonFrameElement = API.createElement({
+        id: "nonFrameElement",
+        type: "rectangle",
+        x: 155,
+        y: 10,
+        width: 20,
+        height: 20,
+      });
+
+      API.setElements([
+        frame,
+        frameChild,
+        boundText,
+        otherFrameChild,
+        nonFrameElement,
+      ]);
+      API.setSelectedElements([frameChild, nonFrameElement]);
+
+      mouse.downAt(
+        nonFrameElement.x + nonFrameElement.width / 2,
+        nonFrameElement.y + nonFrameElement.height / 2,
+      );
+      mouse.moveTo(frame.x + frame.width - 5, nonFrameElement.y + 10);
+      mouse.up();
+
+      expect(frameChild.frameId).toBe(frame.id);
+      expect(boundText.frameId).toBe(frame.id);
+      expect(nonFrameElement.frameId).toBe(frame.id);
+      expect(h.elements.map((element) => element.id)).toEqual([
+        frame.id,
+        otherFrameChild.id,
+        frameChild.id,
+        boundText.id,
+        nonFrameElement.id,
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it("should not reorder dragged elements already in the highlighted frame", () => {
+      const frameChild = API.createElement({
+        id: "frameChild",
+        type: "rectangle",
+        x: 50,
+        y: 10,
+        width: 20,
+        height: 20,
+        frameId: frame.id,
+      });
+      const otherFrameChild = API.createElement({
+        id: "otherFrameChild",
+        type: "rectangle",
+        x: 80,
+        y: 10,
+        width: 20,
+        height: 20,
+        frameId: frame.id,
+      });
+
+      API.setElements([frame, frameChild, otherFrameChild]);
+      API.setSelectedElements([frameChild]);
+
+      mouse.downAt(
+        frameChild.x + frameChild.width / 2,
+        frameChild.y + frameChild.height / 2,
+      );
+      mouse.moveTo(frameChild.x + frameChild.width / 2 + 5, frameChild.y + 10);
+      mouse.up();
+
+      expect(frameChild.frameId).toBe(frame.id);
+      expect(h.elements.map((element) => element.id)).toEqual([
+        frame.id,
+        frameChild.id,
+        otherFrameChild.id,
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it("should not drag an element into a frame behind a non-frame element", () => {
+      const cover = API.createElement({
+        id: "cover",
+        type: "rectangle",
+        x: 10,
+        y: 10,
+        width: 80,
+        height: 80,
+        backgroundColor: "#ffc9c9",
+      });
+      API.setElements([frame, cover, rect2]);
+
+      mouse.clickAt(rect2.x, rect2.y);
+      mouse.downAt(rect2.x + rect2.width / 2, rect2.y + rect2.height / 2);
+      mouse.moveTo(20, 20);
+      mouse.upAt(20, 20);
+
+      expect(rect2.frameId).toBe(null);
+    });
+
+    it("should drag an element into a frame over a non-frame element", () => {
+      const cover = API.createElement({
+        id: "cover",
+        type: "rectangle",
+        x: 10,
+        y: 10,
+        width: 80,
+        height: 80,
+        backgroundColor: "#ffc9c9",
+      });
+      API.setElements([cover, rect2, frame]);
+
+      mouse.clickAt(rect2.x, rect2.y);
+      mouse.downAt(rect2.x + rect2.width / 2, rect2.y + rect2.height / 2);
+      mouse.moveTo(20, 20);
+      mouse.upAt(20, 20);
+
+      expect(rect2.frameId).toBe(frame.id);
+    });
+
+    it("should keep dragging a frame child over a non-frame element above its frame", () => {
+      const cover = API.createElement({
+        id: "cover",
+        type: "rectangle",
+        x: 10,
+        y: 10,
+        width: 80,
+        height: 80,
+        backgroundColor: "#ffc9c9",
+      });
+      const frameChild = API.createElement({
+        id: "frameChild",
+        type: "rectangle",
+        x: 100,
+        y: 20,
+        width: 20,
+        height: 20,
+        frameId: frame.id,
+      });
+
+      API.setElements([frameChild, frame, cover]);
+      API.setSelectedElements([frameChild]);
+
+      mouse.downAt(
+        frameChild.x + frameChild.width / 2,
+        frameChild.y + frameChild.height / 2,
+      );
+      mouse.moveTo(20, 20);
+
+      expect(h.state.frameToHighlight?.id).toBe(frame.id);
+
+      mouse.upAt(20, 20);
+
+      expect(frameChild.frameId).toBe(frame.id);
+    });
+
     it.skip("should drag element inside, duplicate it and keep it in frame", () => {
       API.setElements([frame, rect2]);
 

packages/element/tests/sortElements.test.ts

@@ -326,19 +326,59 @@ describe("normalizeElementsOrder", () => {
       ]),
       [
         "BA_rect1",
+        "CBA_rect3",
+        "CBA_rect7",
         "BA_rect5",
         "BA_rect6",
         "A_rect2",
         "A_rect5",
-        "CBA_rect3",
-        "CBA_rect7",
         "rect4",
         "X_rect8",
-        "X_rect11",
         "YX_rect10",
+        "X_rect11",
         "rect9",
       ],
     );
+    assertOrder(
+      normalizeElementOrder([
+        API.createElement({
+          id: "A_rect1",
+          type: "rectangle",
+          groupIds: ["A"],
+        }),
+        API.createElement({
+          id: "CBA_rect2",
+          type: "rectangle",
+          groupIds: ["C", "B", "A"],
+        }),
+        API.createElement({
+          id: "A_rect3",
+          type: "rectangle",
+          groupIds: ["A"],
+        }),
+      ]),
+      ["A_rect1", "CBA_rect2", "A_rect3"],
+    );
+    assertOrder(
+      normalizeElementOrder([
+        API.createElement({
+          id: "abcT_rect1",
+          type: "rectangle",
+          groupIds: ["ab", "c", "T"],
+        }),
+        API.createElement({
+          id: "abcT_rect2",
+          type: "rectangle",
+          groupIds: ["a", "bc", "T"],
+        }),
+        API.createElement({
+          id: "abcT_rect3",
+          type: "rectangle",
+          groupIds: ["ab", "c", "T"],
+        }),
+      ]),
+      ["abcT_rect1", "abcT_rect3", "abcT_rect2"],
+    );
   });
 
   // TODO

packages/element/tests/textWrapping.test.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-import { wrapText, parseTokens } from "../src/textWrapping";
+import {
+  getWrappedTextLines,
+  parseTokens,
+  wrapText,
+} from "../src/textWrapping";
 
 import type { FontString } from "../src/types";
 
@@ -102,6 +106,71 @@ describe("Test wrapText", () => {
     expect(res2).toBe(`\tA)\none\ntab\n- two\ntabs\n- 8\nspace\ns`);
   });
 
+  it("should retain original text offsets for wrapped lines", () => {
+    expect(getWrappedTextLines("Hello World!", font, 60)).toEqual([
+      {
+        text: "Hello",
+        start: 0,
+        end: 5,
+      },
+      {
+        text: "World!",
+        start: 6,
+        end: 12,
+      },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("should exclude whitespace trimmed away at soft-wrap boundaries from line offsets", () => {
+    expect(getWrappedTextLines("  Hello  World", font, 90)).toEqual([
+      {
+        text: "  Hello",
+        start: 0,
+        end: 7,
+      },
+      {
+        text: "World",
+        start: 9,
+        end: 14,
+      },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("should retain offsets when wrapping a single long token", () => {
+    expect(getWrappedTextLines("Excalidraw", font, 50)).toEqual([
+      {
+        text: "Excal",
+        start: 0,
+        end: 5,
+      },
+      {
+        text: "idraw",
+        start: 5,
+        end: 10,
+      },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("should preserve empty hard lines in metadata", () => {
+    expect(getWrappedTextLines("A\n\nB", font, 100)).toEqual([
+      {
+        text: "A",
+        start: 0,
+        end: 1,
+      },
+      {
+        text: "",
+        start: 2,
+        end: 2,
+      },
+      {
+        text: "B",
+        start: 3,
+        end: 4,
+      },
+    ]);
+  });
+
   describe("When text is CJK", () => {
     it("should break each CJK character when width is very small", () => {
       // "안녕하세요" (Hangul) + "こんにちは世界" (Hiragana, Kanji) + "ｺﾝﾆﾁハ" (Katakana) + "你好" (Han) = "Hello Hello World Hello Hi"

packages/element/tests/zindex.test.tsx

@@ -1509,4 +1509,190 @@ describe("z-indexing with frames", () => {
       ],
     });
   });
+
+  it("bringing to front / sending to back children of MULTIPLE frames at once moves all of them", () => {
+    assertZindex({
+      elements: [
+        { id: "F1_1", frameId: "F1", isSelected: true },
+        { id: "F1_2", frameId: "F1" },
+        { id: "F1", type: "frame" },
+        { id: "F2_1", frameId: "F2", isSelected: true },
+        { id: "F2_2", frameId: "F2" },
+        { id: "F2", type: "frame" },
+      ],
+      operations: [
+        // +∞: each selected child moves to the front of its own frame
+        [actionBringToFront, ["F1_2", "F1", "F1_1", "F2_2", "F2", "F2_1"]],
+        // -∞: each selected child moves to the back of its own frame
+        [actionSendToBack, ["F1_1", "F1_2", "F1", "F2_1", "F2_2", "F2"]],
+      ],
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("send to back / bring to front of a grouped frame child (in group-editing mode) must not duplicate elements", () => {
+    assertZindex({
+      elements: [
+        { id: "F1_1", frameId: "F1", groupIds: ["g1"] },
+        { id: "F1_2", frameId: "F1", groupIds: ["g1"], isSelected: true },
+        { id: "F1", type: "frame" },
+        { id: "F2_1", frameId: "F2", groupIds: ["g2"] },
+        { id: "F2_2", frameId: "F2", groupIds: ["g2"] },
+        { id: "F2", type: "frame" },
+      ],
+      appState: { editingGroupId: "g1" },
+      operations: [
+        // -∞ (send to back, within the frame)
+        [actionSendToBack, ["F1_2", "F1_1", "F1", "F2_1", "F2_2", "F2"]],
+        // +∞ (bring to front, within the frame)
+        [actionBringToFront, ["F1_1", "F1", "F1_2", "F2_1", "F2_2", "F2"]],
+      ],
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+/**
+ * The inputs in this block intentionally VIOLATE the (soft) invariant that a
+ * frame's children — and a group's members — are contiguous in the elements
+ * array. Such states shouldn't occur in normal use, but they CAN arise from
+ * bugs or broken input, because nothing re-defragments element order during
+ * a reorder (`normalizeElementOrder` only runs on duplication). We keep these
+ * tests so the reordering ops stay exercised against malformed order.
+ *
+ * HARD CONTRACT (a failure here is a real bug): a reorder must never throw,
+ * duplicate, or drop elements. `assertReorderPreservesElements` checks this.
+ *
+ * SOFT SNAPSHOT (read before "fixing"): the exact resulting ORDER is NOT a
+ * contract for invalid input — it's whatever the slice math happens to
+ * produce. If a future change alters an `expected` order below, that is NOT
+ * necessarily a functional regression. First confirm from the diff that the
+ * hard contract still holds (nothing duplicated/lost), then update the
+ * expected order to match, provided it's deemed an improvement over the
+ * previous order, or it's an acceptable change given the underlying logic
+ * change.
+ */
+describe("z-index reordering with broken contiguity (invariant-violating input)", () => {
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    await render(<Excalidraw />);
+  });
+
+  const assertReorderPreservesElements = (
+    elements: Parameters<typeof populateElements>[0],
+    appState: Parameters<typeof populateElements>[1],
+    // each op is applied to a freshly-populated (broken) state
+    cases: [Actions, string[]][],
+  ) => {
+    for (const [action, expected] of cases) {
+      populateElements(elements, appState);
+      const before = h.elements.map((el) => el.id);
+
+      expect(() => API.executeAction(action)).not.toThrow();
+
+      const after = h.elements.map((el) => el.id);
+      // hard contract:
+      expect(after.length).toBe(before.length); // no loss
+      expect(new Set(after).size).toBe(after.length); // no duplication
+      // soft snapshot (see block comment before changing):
+      expect(after).toEqual(expected);
+    }
+  };
+
+  it("discontiguous frame children (foreign frame's child interleaved in span)", () => {
+    // F2_1 (a child of frame F2) sits INSIDE frame F1's z-span. Reordering F1's
+    // child sweeps F2_1 along (span-based frame handling) — wrong ordering, but
+    // never a duplication/loss, and the op does not throw.
+    const elements: Parameters<typeof populateElements>[0] = [
+      { id: "F1_1", frameId: "F1", isSelected: true },
+      { id: "F2_1", frameId: "F2" },
+      { id: "F1_2", frameId: "F1" },
+      { id: "F1", type: "frame" },
+      { id: "F2", type: "frame" },
+    ];
+    assertReorderPreservesElements(elements, undefined, [
+      [actionBringForward, ["F2_1", "F1_2", "F1_1", "F1", "F2"]],
+      [actionSendBackward, ["F1_1", "F2_1", "F1_2", "F1", "F2"]],
+      [actionBringToFront, ["F2_1", "F1_2", "F1", "F1_1", "F2"]],
+      [actionSendToBack, ["F1_1", "F2_1", "F1_2", "F1", "F2"]],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("discontiguous group, whole group selected", () => {
+    // g1 = {A, C}, scattered by the loose elements B and D.
+    const elements: Parameters<typeof populateElements>[0] = [
+      { id: "A", groupIds: ["g1"], isSelected: true },
+      { id: "B" },
+      { id: "C", groupIds: ["g1"], isSelected: true },
+      { id: "D" },
+    ];
+    assertReorderPreservesElements(elements, undefined, [
+      // move-by-one leaves the group scattered (each run moves independently)
+      [actionBringForward, ["B", "A", "D", "C"]],
+      [actionSendBackward, ["A", "C", "B", "D"]],
+      // to-front / to-back gather the scattered members back into one block
+      [actionBringToFront, ["B", "D", "A", "C"]],
+      [actionSendToBack, ["A", "C", "B", "D"]],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("discontiguous group, single member selected in group-editing mode", () => {
+    const elements: Parameters<typeof populateElements>[0] = [
+      { id: "A", groupIds: ["g1"] },
+      { id: "B" },
+      { id: "C", groupIds: ["g1"], isSelected: true },
+      { id: "D" },
+    ];
+    assertReorderPreservesElements(elements, { editingGroupId: "g1" }, [
+      [actionBringForward, ["A", "B", "C", "D"]],
+      [actionSendBackward, ["C", "A", "B", "D"]],
+      [actionBringToFront, ["A", "B", "C", "D"]],
+      [actionSendToBack, ["C", "A", "B", "D"]],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("two interleaved groups, both fully selected", () => {
+    const elements: Parameters<typeof populateElements>[0] = [
+      { id: "A", groupIds: ["g1"], isSelected: true },
+      { id: "X", groupIds: ["g2"], isSelected: true },
+      { id: "C", groupIds: ["g1"], isSelected: true },
+      { id: "Y", groupIds: ["g2"], isSelected: true },
+      { id: "Z" },
+    ];
+    assertReorderPreservesElements(elements, undefined, [
+      [actionBringForward, ["Z", "A", "X", "C", "Y"]],
+      [actionSendBackward, ["A", "X", "C", "Y", "Z"]],
+      [actionBringToFront, ["Z", "A", "X", "C", "Y"]],
+      [actionSendToBack, ["A", "X", "C", "Y", "Z"]],
+    ]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("z-index reordering with inconsistent group-editing state", () => {
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    await render(<Excalidraw />);
+  });
+
+  it("does not duplicate or drop elements when selected elements fall outside the edited group scope", () => {
+    assertZindex({
+      elements: [
+        { id: "A", groupIds: ["g1"], isSelected: true },
+        { id: "C", groupIds: ["g1"] },
+        { id: "X", groupIds: ["g2"] },
+        { id: "Y", groupIds: ["g2"] },
+        { id: "R" },
+      ],
+      appState: { editingGroupId: "g2" },
+      operations: [[actionSendToBack, ["A", "C", "X", "Y", "R"]]],
+    });
+
+    assertZindex({
+      elements: [
+        { id: "A", groupIds: ["g1"] },
+        { id: "C", groupIds: ["g1"] },
+        { id: "X", groupIds: ["g2"], isSelected: true },
+        { id: "Y", groupIds: ["g2"] },
+        { id: "R" },
+      ],
+      appState: { editingGroupId: "g1" },
+      operations: [[actionBringToFront, ["A", "C", "X", "Y", "R"]]],
+    });
+  });
 });

packages/element/tsconfig.json

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "extends": "../tsconfig.base.json",
   "compilerOptions": {
+    "rootDir": "../",
     "outDir": "./dist/types"
   },
   "include": ["src/**/*", "global.d.ts"],

packages/excalidraw/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -17,23 +17,21 @@ Please add the latest change on the top under the correct section.
 
 ### Breaking changes
 
+- Theme changes initiated by the default UI are now delegated to `<Excalidraw onThemeChange={(theme) => ...} />` when supplied. If `onThemeChange` is not supplied, light/dark theme toggling still falls back to updating the internal editor state.
+
+  - `MainMenu.DefaultItems.ToggleTheme` no longer accepts the item-level `onSelect` callback. Host apps that need to control light/dark/system theme should pass `onThemeChange` to `<Excalidraw />` instead.
+  - `MainMenu.DefaultItems.ToggleTheme` with system theme support now uses `allowSystemTheme` together with `theme={Theme | "system"}` only to render the selected value. For the regular light/dark item, pass `allowSystemTheme={false}`.
+  - `CommandPalette.defaultItems.toggleTheme` was removed. The default theme command is now rendered by the command palette itself when `UIOptions.canvasActions.toggleTheme` enables the action (see below).
+  - `UIOptions.canvasActions.toggleTheme` still controls default theme UI availability. When it is `null`, it defaults to `true` if `props.theme` is omitted or `props.onThemeChange` is supplied, and otherwise defaults to disabled.
+
 - Renamed the `excalidrawAPI` prop to `onExcalidrawAPI`.
+  - `onExcalidrawAPI` is now called on mount (instead of during constructor), and later on unmount (with `null` value). The API may be removed altogether in the future (you can use `onMount` & `onUmount` to manage the `ExcalidrawAPI` object (e.g. to cache it to a global state), already).
 
 ### Features
 
-- Added `onMount` and `onInitialize` props. `onMount` receives `{ excalidrawAPI, container }` once the editor root is mounted, and `onInitialize` fires once the initial scene has loaded.
+- Added `ExcalidrawAPI.isDestroyed` flag. Set to `true` once the editor unmounts. Calling any `get*` method, `onStateChange`, or `onEvent` on a destroyed API instance will throw in development and `console.error` in production. The `ExcalidrawAPI` will be reset to `null` on umount, but to be extra safe, you should check `ExcalidrawAPI.isDestroyed` before calling these methods to guard against subtle race conditions in your code.
 
-  ```tsx
-  <Excalidraw
-    onMount={({ excalidrawAPI, container }) => {
-      console.log(container);
-      excalidrawAPI.scrollToContent();
-    }}
-    onInitialize={(api) => {
-      api.refresh();
-    }}
-  />
-  ```
+- Added `onMount`, `onInitialize`, and `onUnmount` props. `onMount` receives `{ excalidrawAPI, container }` once the editor root is mounted. `onInitialize` fires once the initial scene has loaded. `onUnmount` fires just before unmounting.
 
 - Same events are also accessible imperatively through `api.onEvent(...)`.
 
@@ -41,7 +39,6 @@ Please add the latest change on the top under the correct section.
   <Excalidraw
     onExcalidrawAPI={(api) => {
       api.onEvent("editor:mount", ({ excalidrawAPI, container }) => {
-        excalidrawAPI.scrollToContent();
         console.log(container);
       });
 
@@ -54,7 +51,9 @@ Please add the latest change on the top under the correct section.
 
   Note that in future releases, most, if not all, `excalidrawAPI.on*` subscriptions will be removed in favor of `excalidrawAPI.onEvent(name)`.
 
-- Exported `ExcalidrawAPIProvider`, `useExcalidrawAPI`, and `useAppStateValue` from the package entrypoint. The imperative API also now exposes `onStateChange`.
+- Also added `"editor:unmount"` lifecycle event, only accessible via `api.onEvent("editor:unmount")`.
+
+- Exported `<ExcalidrawAPIProvider/>`, `useExcalidrawAPI()`, `useAppStateValue(prop | props | selectorFunction)`, and `useOnExcalidrawStateChange(prop | props | selectorFunction, callback)` from the package. The imperative API also now exposes `onStateChange(prop | props | selectorFunction, callback?)`, and `onEvent(name, callback)`.
 
   ```tsx
   <ExcalidrawAPIProvider>
@@ -63,6 +62,9 @@ Please add the latest change on the top under the correct section.
   </ExcalidrawAPIProvider>;
 
   function Logger() {
+    // initially null before the ExcalidrawAPIProvider initializes ater
+    // <Excalidraw/> renders
+    // When <Excalidraw/> unmounts, is reset back to null
     const api = useExcalidrawAPI();
 
     useAppStateValue("viewModeEnabled", (viewModeEnabled) => {

packages/excalidraw/README.md

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 # Excalidraw
 
-**Excalidraw** is exported as a component to be directly embedded in your project.
+**Excalidraw** is exported as a React component that you can embed directly in your app.
 
 ## Installation
 
-Use `npm` or `yarn` to install the package.
+Install the package together with its React peer dependencies.
 
 ```bash
 npm install react react-dom @excalidraw/excalidraw
@@ -12,34 +12,131 @@ npm install react react-dom @excalidraw/excalidraw
 yarn add react react-dom @excalidraw/excalidraw
 ```
 
-> **Note**: If you don't want to wait for the next stable release and try out the unreleased changes, use `@excalidraw/excalidraw@next`.
+> **Note**: If you want to try unreleased changes, use `@excalidraw/excalidraw@next`.
 
-#### Self-hosting fonts
+## Quick start
 
-By default, Excalidraw will try to download all the used fonts from the [CDN](https://esm.run/@excalidraw/excalidraw/dist/prod).
+The minimum working setup has two easy-to-miss requirements:
 
-For self-hosting purposes, you'll have to copy the content of the folder `node_modules/@excalidraw/excalidraw/dist/prod/fonts` to the path where your assets should be served from (i.e. `public/` directory in your project). In that case, you should also set `window.EXCALIDRAW_ASSET_PATH` to the very same path, i.e. `/` in case it's in the root:
+1. Import the package CSS:
 
-```js
-<script>window.EXCALIDRAW_ASSET_PATH = "/";</script>
+```ts
+import "@excalidraw/excalidraw/index.css";
 ```
 
-### Dimensions of Excalidraw
+2. Render Excalidraw inside a container with a non-zero height.
 
-Excalidraw takes _100%_ of `width` and `height` of the containing block so make sure the container in which you render Excalidraw has non zero dimensions.
+```tsx
+import { Excalidraw } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw";
+import "@excalidraw/excalidraw/index.css";
+
+export default function App() {
+  return (
+    <div style={{ height: "100vh" }}>
+      <Excalidraw />
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+```
+
+Excalidraw fills `100%` of the width and height of its parent. If the parent has no height, the canvas will not be visible.
+
+## Next.js / SSR frameworks
+
+Excalidraw should be rendered on the client. In SSR frameworks such as Next.js, use a client component and load it dynamically with SSR disabled.
+
+```tsx
+// app/components/ExcalidrawClient.tsx
+"use client";
+
+import { Excalidraw } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw";
+import "@excalidraw/excalidraw/index.css";
+
+export default function ExcalidrawClient() {
+  return (
+    <div style={{ height: "100vh" }}>
+      <Excalidraw />
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+```
+
+```tsx
+// app/page.tsx
+import dynamic from "next/dynamic";
+
+const ExcalidrawClient = dynamic(
+  () => import("./components/ExcalidrawClient"),
+  { ssr: false },
+);
+
+export default function Page() {
+  return <ExcalidrawClient />;
+}
+```
+
+See the local examples for complete setups:
+
+- [examples/with-nextjs](https://github.com/excalidraw/excalidraw/tree/master/examples/with-nextjs)
+- [examples/with-script-in-browser](https://github.com/excalidraw/excalidraw/tree/master/examples/with-script-in-browser)
+
+## LLM / agent tips
+
+If an LLM or coding agent is setting up Excalidraw, these shortcuts usually save more time than re-prompting:
+
+- Start with a plain `<Excalidraw />` in a `100vh` container. Add refs, `initialData`, persistence, or custom UI only after the base embed works.
+- If the canvas is blank, check the CSS import and parent height first. Those are the two most common integration failures.
+- In Next.js or other SSR frameworks, assume client-only rendering first. Use `"use client"` and `dynamic(..., { ssr: false })` before debugging hydration or `window is not defined` errors.
+- If imports or entrypoints are unclear, inspect `node_modules/@excalidraw/excalidraw/package.json`. The installed package exports are the source of truth.
+- Do not set `window.EXCALIDRAW_ASSET_PATH` unless you are intentionally self-hosting fonts/assets.
+- When docs and generated code drift, copy the nearest working example from this repo, especially `examples/with-nextjs` or `examples/with-script-in-browser`.
+
+## Migrating to `@excalidraw/excalidraw@0.18.x`
+
+Version `0.18.x` removes the old `types/`-prefixed deep import paths. If you were importing types from `@excalidraw/excalidraw/types/...`, switch to the new type-only subpaths below.
+
+| Old path | New path |
+| --- | --- |
+| `@excalidraw/excalidraw/types/data/transform.js` | `@excalidraw/excalidraw/element/transform` |
+| `@excalidraw/excalidraw/types/data/types.js` | `@excalidraw/excalidraw/data/types` |
+| `@excalidraw/excalidraw/types/element/types.js` | `@excalidraw/excalidraw/element/types` |
+| `@excalidraw/excalidraw/types/utility-types.js` | `@excalidraw/excalidraw/common/utility-types` |
+| `@excalidraw/excalidraw/types/types.js` | `@excalidraw/excalidraw/types` |
+
+Drop the `.js` extension. The new package `exports` map resolves these paths without it.
+
+These deep subpaths are for `import type` only. Runtime imports should come from the package root, plus `@excalidraw/excalidraw/index.css` for styles.
+
+For example:
+
+```ts
+import { exportToSvg } from "@excalidraw/excalidraw";
+```
+
+## Self-hosting fonts
+
+By default, Excalidraw downloads the fonts it needs from the [CDN](https://esm.run/@excalidraw/excalidraw/dist/prod).
+
+For self-hosting, copy the contents of `node_modules/@excalidraw/excalidraw/dist/prod/fonts` into the path where your app serves static assets, for example `public/`. Then set `window.EXCALIDRAW_ASSET_PATH` to that same path:
+
+```html
+<script>
+  window.EXCALIDRAW_ASSET_PATH = "/";
+</script>
+```
 
 ## Demo
 
-Go to [CodeSandbox](https://codesandbox.io/p/sandbox/github/excalidraw/excalidraw/tree/master/examples/with-script-in-browser) example.
+Try the [CodeSandbox example](https://codesandbox.io/p/sandbox/github/excalidraw/excalidraw/tree/master/examples/with-script-in-browser).
 
 ## Integration
 
-Head over to the [docs](https://docs.excalidraw.com/docs/@excalidraw/excalidraw/integration).
+Read the [integration docs](https://docs.excalidraw.com/docs/@excalidraw/excalidraw/integration).
 
 ## API
 
-Head over to the [docs](https://docs.excalidraw.com/docs/@excalidraw/excalidraw/api).
+Read the [API docs](https://docs.excalidraw.com/docs/@excalidraw/excalidraw/api).
 
 ## Contributing
 
-Head over to the [docs](https://docs.excalidraw.com/docs/@excalidraw/excalidraw/contributing).
+Read the [contributing docs](https://docs.excalidraw.com/docs/@excalidraw/excalidraw/contributing).

packages/excalidraw/actions/actionBoundText.tsx

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
   VERTICAL_ALIGN,
   arrayToMap,
   getFontString,
+  getStrokeWidthByKey,
 } from "@excalidraw/common";
 import {
   getOriginalContainerHeightFromCache,
@@ -249,7 +250,10 @@ export const actionWrapTextInContainer = register({
           fillStyle: appState.currentItemFillStyle,
           strokeColor: appState.currentItemStrokeColor,
           roughness: appState.currentItemRoughness,
-          strokeWidth: appState.currentItemStrokeWidth,
+          strokeWidth: getStrokeWidthByKey(
+            "rectangle",
+            appState.currentItemStrokeWidthKey,
+          ),
           strokeStyle: appState.currentItemStrokeStyle,
           roundness:
             appState.currentItemRoundness === "round"

packages/excalidraw/actions/actionCanvas.tsx

@@ -477,17 +477,28 @@ export const actionToggleTheme = register<AppState["theme"]>({
     appState.theme === THEME.LIGHT ? MoonIcon : SunIcon,
   viewMode: true,
   trackEvent: { category: "canvas" },
-  perform: (_, appState, value) => {
+  perform: (_, appState, value, app) => {
+    const nextTheme =
+      value || (appState.theme === THEME.LIGHT ? THEME.DARK : THEME.LIGHT);
+
+    if (app.props.onThemeChange) {
+      app.props.onThemeChange(nextTheme);
+      return false;
+    }
+
     return {
       appState: {
         ...appState,
-        theme:
-          value || (appState.theme === THEME.LIGHT ? THEME.DARK : THEME.LIGHT),
+        theme: nextTheme,
       },
       captureUpdate: CaptureUpdateAction.EVENTUALLY,
     };
   },
-  keyTest: (event) => event.altKey && event.shiftKey && event.code === CODES.D,
+  keyTest: (event) =>
+    !event[KEYS.CTRL_OR_CMD] &&
+    event.altKey &&
+    event.shiftKey &&
+    event.code === CODES.D,
   predicate: (elements, appState, props, app) => {
     return !!app.props.UIOptions.canvasActions.toggleTheme;
   },

packages/excalidraw/actions/actionDeselect.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+import {
+  getElementsInGroup,
+  isSomeElementSelected,
+  makeNextSelectedElementIds,
+  selectGroupsForSelectedElements,
+} from "@excalidraw/element";
+import { CaptureUpdateAction } from "@excalidraw/element";
+import { KEYS, isWritableElement, updateActiveTool } from "@excalidraw/common";
+
+import type { GroupId } from "@excalidraw/element/types";
+
+import { register } from "./register";
+
+import type { AppClassProperties, AppState } from "../types";
+
+const getNextActiveTool = (
+  appState: Readonly<AppState>,
+  app: AppClassProperties,
+) => {
+  if (appState.activeTool.type === "eraser") {
+    return updateActiveTool(appState, {
+      ...(appState.activeTool.lastActiveTool || {
+        type: app.state.preferredSelectionTool.type,
+      }),
+      lastActiveToolBeforeEraser: null,
+    });
+  }
+
+  return updateActiveTool(appState, {
+    type: app.state.preferredSelectionTool.type,
+  });
+};
+
+const getParentEditingGroupId = (
+  appState: Readonly<AppState>,
+  app: AppClassProperties,
+  selectedElementIds: AppState["selectedElementIds"],
+): GroupId | null => {
+  if (!appState.editingGroupId) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const nonDeletedElements = app.scene.getNonDeletedElements();
+  const selectedElements = app.scene.getSelectedElements({
+    selectedElementIds,
+    elements: nonDeletedElements,
+  });
+  const candidateElements = selectedElements.length
+    ? selectedElements
+    : getElementsInGroup(nonDeletedElements, appState.editingGroupId);
+
+  for (const element of candidateElements) {
+    const editingGroupIndex = element.groupIds.indexOf(appState.editingGroupId);
+    if (editingGroupIndex !== -1 && element.groupIds[editingGroupIndex + 1]) {
+      return element.groupIds[editingGroupIndex + 1] as GroupId;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null;
+};
+
+export const actionDeselect = register({
+  name: "deselect",
+  label: "",
+  trackEvent: false,
+  perform: (_elements, appState, _, app) => {
+    const activeTool = getNextActiveTool(appState, app);
+
+    if (appState.editingGroupId) {
+      const nonDeletedElements = app.scene.getNonDeletedElements();
+      const selectedElementIds =
+        Object.keys(appState.selectedElementIds).length > 0
+          ? appState.selectedElementIds
+          : getElementsInGroup(
+              nonDeletedElements,
+              appState.editingGroupId,
+            ).reduce((acc, element) => {
+              acc[element.id] = true;
+              return acc;
+            }, {} as Record<string, true>);
+
+      return {
+        appState: {
+          ...appState,
+          ...selectGroupsForSelectedElements(
+            {
+              editingGroupId: getParentEditingGroupId(
+                appState,
+                app,
+                selectedElementIds,
+              ),
+              selectedElementIds,
+            },
+            nonDeletedElements,
+            appState,
+            app,
+          ),
+          activeEmbeddable: null,
+          activeTool,
+          selectedLinearElement: null,
+          selectionElement: null,
+          showHyperlinkPopup: false,
+          suggestedBinding: null,
+          frameToHighlight: null,
+        },
+        captureUpdate: CaptureUpdateAction.IMMEDIATELY,
+      };
+    }
+
+    return {
+      appState: {
+        ...appState,
+        activeEmbeddable: null,
+        activeTool,
+        editingGroupId: null,
+        selectedElementIds: makeNextSelectedElementIds({}, appState),
+        selectedGroupIds: {},
+        selectedLinearElement: null,
+        selectionElement: null,
+        showHyperlinkPopup: false,
+        suggestedBinding: null,
+        frameToHighlight: null,
+      },
+      captureUpdate: CaptureUpdateAction.IMMEDIATELY,
+    };
+  },
+  keyTest: (event, appState, _, app) => {
+    if (event.key !== KEYS.ESCAPE) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (isWritableElement(event.target)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    return (
+      !appState.newElement &&
+      appState.multiElement === null &&
+      !appState.selectedLinearElement?.isEditing &&
+      (appState.activeEmbeddable !== null ||
+        appState.activeTool.type !== app.state.preferredSelectionTool.type ||
+        !!appState.editingGroupId ||
+        !!appState.selectedLinearElement ||
+        isSomeElementSelected(app.scene.getNonDeletedElements(), appState))
+    );
+  },
+});

packages/excalidraw/actions/actionExport.tsx

@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ export const actionSaveFileToDisk = register({
         appState: {
           openDialog: null,
           fileHandle: savedFileHandle,
-          toast: { message: t("toast.fileSaved") },
+          toast: { message: t("toast.fileSaved"), duration: 3000 },
         },
       };
     } catch (error: any) {

packages/excalidraw/actions/actionFinalize.tsx

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ export const actionFinalize = register<FormData>({
   label: "",
   trackEvent: false,
   perform: (elements, appState, data, app) => {
+    let shouldCommit = true;
     let newElements = elements;
     const { interactiveCanvas, focusContainer, scene } = app;
     const elementsMap = scene.getNonDeletedElementsMap();
@@ -222,9 +223,44 @@ export const actionFinalize = register<FormData>({
           !lastCommittedPoint ||
           points[points.length - 1] !== lastCommittedPoint
         ) {
+          shouldCommit = false;
           scene.mutateElement(element, {
             points: element.points.slice(0, -1),
           });
+          if (
+            isBindingElement(element) &&
+            element.endBinding &&
+            // after slicing the trailing point a <2-point arrow may be left
+            element.points.length > 1
+          ) {
+            const newArrow = !!appState.newElement;
+            const draggedPoints: PointsPositionUpdates = new Map([
+              [
+                element.points.length - 1,
+                {
+                  point: element.points[element.points.length - 1],
+                  isDragging: false,
+                },
+              ],
+            ]);
+            const globalPoint =
+              LinearElementEditor.getPointAtIndexGlobalCoordinates(
+                element,
+                -1,
+                elementsMap,
+              );
+            bindOrUnbindBindingElement(
+              element,
+              draggedPoints,
+              globalPoint[0],
+              globalPoint[1],
+              scene,
+              appState,
+              {
+                newArrow,
+              },
+            );
+          }
         }
       }
 
@@ -329,8 +365,8 @@ export const actionFinalize = register<FormData>({
         selectionElement: null,
         multiElement: null,
         editingTextElement: null,
-        startBoundElement: null,
         suggestedBinding: null,
+        frameToHighlight: null,
         selectedElementIds:
           element &&
           !appState.activeTool.locked &&
@@ -344,13 +380,13 @@ export const actionFinalize = register<FormData>({
         selectedLinearElement,
       },
       // TODO: #7348 we should not capture everything, but if we don't, it leads to incosistencies -> revisit
-      captureUpdate: CaptureUpdateAction.IMMEDIATELY,
+      captureUpdate: shouldCommit
+        ? CaptureUpdateAction.IMMEDIATELY
+        : CaptureUpdateAction.NEVER,
     };
   },
   keyTest: (event, appState) =>
-    (event.key === KEYS.ESCAPE &&
-      (appState.selectedLinearElement?.isEditing ||
-        (!appState.newElement && appState.multiElement === null))) ||
+    (event.key === KEYS.ESCAPE && appState.selectedLinearElement?.isEditing) ||
     ((event.key === KEYS.ESCAPE || event.key === KEYS.ENTER) &&
       appState.multiElement !== null),
   PanelComponent: ({ appState, updateData, data }) => (

packages/excalidraw/actions/actionFrame.ts

@@ -205,7 +205,6 @@ export const actionWrapSelectionInFrame = register({
       [...app.scene.getElementsIncludingDeleted(), frame],
       selectedElements,
       frame,
-      appState,
     );
 
     return {

packages/excalidraw/actions/actionGroup.tsx

@@ -277,7 +277,6 @@ export const actionUngroup = register({
             elementsMap,
           ),
           frame,
-          app,
         );
       }
     });

packages/excalidraw/actions/actionHistory.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import {
-  isWindows,
   KEYS,
   matchKey,
   arrayToMap,
@@ -114,7 +113,7 @@ export const createRedoAction: ActionCreator = (history) => ({
     ),
   keyTest: (event) =>
     (event[KEYS.CTRL_OR_CMD] && event.shiftKey && matchKey(event, KEYS.Z)) ||
-    (isWindows && event.ctrlKey && !event.shiftKey && matchKey(event, KEYS.Y)),
+    (event[KEYS.CTRL_OR_CMD] && !event.shiftKey && matchKey(event, KEYS.Y)),
   PanelComponent: ({ appState, updateData, data, app }) => {
     const { isRedoStackEmpty } = useEmitter(
       history.onHistoryChangedEmitter,

packages/excalidraw/actions/actionProperties.test.tsx

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-import { queryByTestId } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { fireEvent, queryByTestId } from "@testing-library/react";
 
 import {
   COLOR_PALETTE,
   DEFAULT_ELEMENT_BACKGROUND_PICKS,
+  FREEDRAW_STROKE_WIDTH,
   FONT_FAMILY,
   STROKE_WIDTH,
 } from "@excalidraw/common";
@@ -128,6 +129,62 @@ describe("element locking", () => {
       expect(thinStrokeWidthButton).toBeChecked();
     });
 
+    it("should highlight common stroke width key across freedraw and non-freedraw elements", () => {
+      const rect = API.createElement({
+        type: "rectangle",
+        strokeWidth: STROKE_WIDTH.medium,
+      });
+      const freedraw = API.createElement({
+        type: "freedraw",
+        strokeWidth: FREEDRAW_STROKE_WIDTH.medium,
+      });
+      API.setElements([rect, freedraw]);
+      API.setSelectedElements([rect, freedraw]);
+
+      expect(queryByTestId(document.body, `strokeWidth-medium`)).toBeChecked();
+    });
+
+    it("should apply stroke width by element type", () => {
+      const rect = API.createElement({
+        type: "rectangle",
+        strokeWidth: STROKE_WIDTH.thin,
+      });
+      const freedraw = API.createElement({
+        type: "freedraw",
+        strokeWidth: FREEDRAW_STROKE_WIDTH.thin,
+      });
+      API.setElements([rect, freedraw]);
+      API.setSelectedElements([rect, freedraw]);
+
+      const boldStrokeWidthButton = queryByTestId(
+        document.body,
+        `strokeWidth-bold`,
+      );
+      expect(boldStrokeWidthButton).not.toBe(null);
+      fireEvent.click(boldStrokeWidthButton!);
+
+      const selectedElements = API.getSelectedElements();
+      const selectedRect = selectedElements.find(
+        (element) => element.type === "rectangle",
+      );
+      const selectedFreedraw = selectedElements.find(
+        (element) => element.type === "freedraw",
+      );
+
+      expect(selectedRect?.strokeWidth).toBe(STROKE_WIDTH.bold);
+      expect(selectedFreedraw?.strokeWidth).toBe(FREEDRAW_STROKE_WIDTH.bold);
+    });
+
+    it("should create new elements with stroke width by element type", () => {
+      API.setAppState({ currentItemStrokeWidthKey: "bold" });
+
+      const rect = API.createElement({ type: "rectangle" });
+      const freedraw = API.createElement({ type: "freedraw" });
+
+      expect(rect.strokeWidth).toBe(STROKE_WIDTH.bold);
+      expect(freedraw.strokeWidth).toBe(FREEDRAW_STROKE_WIDTH.bold);
+    });
+
     it("should not highlight any stroke width button if no common style", () => {
       const rect1 = API.createElement({
         type: "rectangle",
@@ -135,7 +192,7 @@ describe("element locking", () => {
       });
       const rect2 = API.createElement({
         type: "rectangle",
-        strokeWidth: STROKE_WIDTH.bold,
+        strokeWidth: STROKE_WIDTH.medium,
       });
       API.setElements([rect1, rect2]);
       API.setSelectedElements([rect1, rect2]);
@@ -145,17 +202,17 @@ describe("element locking", () => {
         queryByTestId(document.body, `strokeWidth-thin`),
       ).not.toBeChecked();
       expect(
-        queryByTestId(document.body, `strokeWidth-bold`),
+        queryByTestId(document.body, `strokeWidth-medium`),
       ).not.toBeChecked();
       expect(
-        queryByTestId(document.body, `strokeWidth-extraBold`),
+        queryByTestId(document.body, `strokeWidth-bold`),
       ).not.toBeChecked();
     });
 
     it("should show properties of different element types when selected", () => {
       const rect = API.createElement({
         type: "rectangle",
-        strokeWidth: STROKE_WIDTH.bold,
+        strokeWidth: STROKE_WIDTH.medium,
       });
       const text = API.createElement({
         type: "text",
@@ -164,7 +221,7 @@ describe("element locking", () => {
       API.setElements([rect, text]);
       API.setSelectedElements([rect, text]);
 
-      expect(queryByTestId(document.body, `strokeWidth-bold`)).toBeChecked();
+      expect(queryByTestId(document.body, `strokeWidth-medium`)).toBeChecked();
       expect(queryByTestId(document.body, `font-family-code`)).toHaveClass(
         "active",
       );

packages/excalidraw/actions/actionProperties.tsx

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import {
   DEFAULT_FONT_SIZE,
   FONT_FAMILY,
   ROUNDNESS,
-  STROKE_WIDTH,
+  STROKE_WIDTH_KEYS,
   VERTICAL_ALIGN,
   KEYS,
   randomInteger,
@@ -20,9 +20,11 @@ import {
   getFontFamilyString,
   getLineHeight,
   isTransparent,
+  getStrokeWidthByKey,
   reduceToCommonValue,
   invariant,
   FONT_SIZES,
+  type StrokeWidthKey,
 } from "@excalidraw/common";
 
 import { canBecomePolygon, getNonDeletedElements } from "@excalidraw/element";
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@ import {
 import { LinearElementEditor } from "@excalidraw/element";
 
 import { newElementWith } from "@excalidraw/element";
+import { getArrowheadForPicker } from "@excalidraw/element";
 
 import {
   getBoundTextElement,
@@ -69,9 +72,11 @@ import type {
   ElementsMap,
   ExcalidrawBindableElement,
   ExcalidrawElement,
+  ExcalidrawFreeDrawElement,
   ExcalidrawLinearElement,
   ExcalidrawTextElement,
   FontFamilyValues,
+  StrokeVariability,
   TextAlign,
   VerticalAlign,
 } from "@excalidraw/element/types";
@@ -82,6 +87,7 @@ import type { CaptureUpdateActionType } from "@excalidraw/element";
 
 import { trackEvent } from "../analytics";
 import { RadioSelection } from "../components/RadioSelection";
+import { ToolButton } from "../components/ToolButton";
 import { ColorPicker } from "../components/ColorPicker/ColorPicker";
 import { FontPicker } from "../components/FontPicker/FontPicker";
 import { IconPicker } from "../components/IconPicker";
@@ -124,9 +130,14 @@ import {
   sharpArrowIcon,
   roundArrowIcon,
   elbowArrowIcon,
-  ArrowheadCrowfootIcon,
-  ArrowheadCrowfootOneIcon,
-  ArrowheadCrowfootOneOrManyIcon,
+  ArrowheadCardinalityExactlyOneIcon,
+  ArrowheadCardinalityManyIcon,
+  ArrowheadCardinalityOneIcon,
+  ArrowheadCardinalityOneOrManyIcon,
+  ArrowheadCardinalityZeroOrManyIcon,
+  ArrowheadCardinalityZeroOrOneIcon,
+  strokeVariabilityConstantIcon,
+  strokeVariabilityVariableIcon,
 } from "../components/icons";
 
 import { Fonts } from "../fonts";
@@ -186,8 +197,12 @@ export const changeProperty = (
 export const getFormValue = function <T extends Primitive>(
   elements: readonly ExcalidrawElement[],
   app: AppClassProperties,
-  getAttribute: (element: ExcalidrawElement) => T,
-  isRelevantElement: true | ((element: ExcalidrawElement) => boolean),
+  /**
+   * input value (usually the element attribute value,
+   * but depends on what the action's PanelComponent input expects)
+   */
+  getValue: (element: ExcalidrawElement) => T,
+  elementPredicate: true | ((element: ExcalidrawElement) => boolean),
   defaultValue: T | ((isSomeElementSelected: boolean) => T),
 ): T {
   const editingTextElement = app.state.editingTextElement;
@@ -196,7 +211,7 @@ export const getFormValue = function <T extends Primitive>(
   let ret: T | null = null;
 
   if (editingTextElement) {
-    ret = getAttribute(editingTextElement);
+    ret = getValue(editingTextElement);
   }
 
   if (!ret) {
@@ -205,12 +220,12 @@ export const getFormValue = function <T extends Primitive>(
     if (hasSelection) {
       const selectedElements = app.scene.getSelectedElements(app.state);
       const targetElements =
-        isRelevantElement === true
+        elementPredicate === true
           ? selectedElements
-          : selectedElements.filter((el) => isRelevantElement(el));
+          : selectedElements.filter((el) => elementPredicate(el));
 
       ret =
-        reduceToCommonValue(targetElements, getAttribute) ??
+        reduceToCommonValue(targetElements, getValue) ??
         (typeof defaultValue === "function"
           ? defaultValue(true)
           : defaultValue);
@@ -540,20 +555,37 @@ export const actionChangeFillStyle = register<ExcalidrawElement["fillStyle"]>({
   },
 });
 
-export const actionChangeStrokeWidth = register<
-  ExcalidrawElement["strokeWidth"]
->({
+const getStrokeWidthKeyForElement = (
+  element: ExcalidrawElement,
+): StrokeWidthKey | null => {
+  return (
+    STROKE_WIDTH_KEYS.find(
+      (key) => getStrokeWidthByKey(element.type, key) === element.strokeWidth,
+    ) ?? null
+  );
+};
+
+const getStrokeWidthForElement = (
+  element: ExcalidrawElement,
+  strokeWidthKey: StrokeWidthKey,
+): ExcalidrawElement["strokeWidth"] => {
+  return getStrokeWidthByKey(element.type, strokeWidthKey);
+};
+
+export const actionChangeStrokeWidth = register<StrokeWidthKey>({
   name: "changeStrokeWidth",
   label: "labels.strokeWidth",
   trackEvent: false,
   perform: (elements, appState, value) => {
+    invariant(value, "actionChangeStrokeWidth: value must be defined");
+
     return {
       elements: changeProperty(elements, appState, (el) =>
         newElementWith(el, {
-          strokeWidth: value,
+          strokeWidth: getStrokeWidthForElement(el, value),
         }),
       ),
-      appState: { ...appState, currentItemStrokeWidth: value },
+      appState: { ...appState, currentItemStrokeWidthKey: value },
       captureUpdate: CaptureUpdateAction.IMMEDIATELY,
     };
   },
@@ -561,35 +593,35 @@ export const actionChangeStrokeWidth = register<
     <fieldset>
       <legend>{t("labels.strokeWidth")}</legend>
       <div className="buttonList">
-        <RadioSelection
+        <RadioSelection<StrokeWidthKey>
           group="stroke-width"
           options={[
             {
-              value: STROKE_WIDTH.thin,
+              value: "thin",
               text: t("labels.thin"),
               icon: StrokeWidthBaseIcon,
               testId: "strokeWidth-thin",
             },
             {
-              value: STROKE_WIDTH.bold,
-              text: t("labels.bold"),
+              value: "medium",
+              text: t("labels.medium"),
               icon: StrokeWidthBoldIcon,
-              testId: "strokeWidth-bold",
+              testId: "strokeWidth-medium",
             },
             {
-              value: STROKE_WIDTH.extraBold,
-              text: t("labels.extraBold"),
+              value: "bold",
+              text: t("labels.bold"),
               icon: StrokeWidthExtraBoldIcon,
-              testId: "strokeWidth-extraBold",
+              testId: "strokeWidth-bold",
             },
           ]}
           value={getFormValue(
             elements,
             app,
-            (element) => element.strokeWidth,
+            getStrokeWidthKeyForElement,
             (element) => element.hasOwnProperty("strokeWidth"),
             (hasSelection) =>
-              hasSelection ? null : appState.currentItemStrokeWidth,
+              hasSelection ? null : appState.currentItemStrokeWidthKey,
           )}
           onChange={(value) => updateData(value)}
         />
@@ -652,6 +684,87 @@ export const actionChangeSloppiness = register<ExcalidrawElement["roughness"]>({
   ),
 });
 
+export const actionChangeFreedrawMode = register<StrokeVariability>({
+  name: "changeFreedrawMode",
+  label: "labels.pressure",
+  trackEvent: false,
+  perform: (elements, appState, value) => {
+    const variability = value || "constant";
+
+    return {
+      elements: changeProperty(elements, appState, (el) => {
+        if (el.type !== "freedraw") {
+          return el;
+        }
+        return newElementWith(el, {
+          strokeOptions: {
+            ...el.strokeOptions,
+            variability,
+          },
+        }) as ExcalidrawElement;
+      }),
+      appState: { ...appState, currentItemStrokeVariability: variability },
+      captureUpdate: CaptureUpdateAction.IMMEDIATELY,
+    };
+  },
+  PanelComponent: ({ elements, appState, updateData, app, data }) => {
+    const strokeVariability =
+      getFormValue(
+        elements,
+        app,
+        (element) =>
+          (element as ExcalidrawFreeDrawElement).strokeOptions?.variability,
+        (element) => element.type === "freedraw",
+        (hasSelection) =>
+          hasSelection ? null : appState.currentItemStrokeVariability,
+      ) ?? appState.currentItemStrokeVariability;
+
+    // in the compact UI the pressure setting is rendered as a single button
+    // that cycles between the two variability modes on click
+    if (data?.cycle) {
+      const isVariable = strokeVariability === "variable";
+      return (
+        <ToolButton
+          type="button"
+          icon={
+            isVariable
+              ? strokeVariabilityVariableIcon
+              : strokeVariabilityConstantIcon
+          }
+          title={t("labels.pressure")}
+          aria-label={t("labels.pressure")}
+          onClick={() => updateData(isVariable ? "constant" : "variable")}
+        />
+      );
+    }
+
+    return (
+      <fieldset>
+        <legend>{t("labels.pressure")}</legend>
+        <div className="buttonList">
+          <RadioSelection<StrokeVariability>
+            group="strokeOptions.variability"
+            options={[
+              {
+                value: "constant",
+                text: t("labels.pressure_constant"),
+                icon: strokeVariabilityConstantIcon,
+              },
+              {
+                value: "variable",
+                text: t("labels.pressure_variable"),
+                icon: strokeVariabilityVariableIcon,
+              },
+            ]}
+            value={strokeVariability}
+            onChange={(value) => updateData(value)}
+          />
+        </div>
+      </fieldset>
+    );
+  },
+});
+
 export const actionChangeStrokeStyle = register<
   ExcalidrawElement["strokeStyle"]
 >({
@@ -726,9 +839,28 @@ export const actionChangeOpacity = register<ExcalidrawElement["opacity"]>({
       captureUpdate: CaptureUpdateAction.IMMEDIATELY,
     };
   },
-  PanelComponent: ({ app, updateData }) => (
-    <Range updateData={updateData} app={app} testId="opacity" />
-  ),
+  PanelComponent: ({ elements, appState, app, updateData }) => {
+    const opacity = getFormValue(
+      elements,
+      app,
+      (element) => element.opacity,
+      true,
+      (hasSelection) => (hasSelection ? null : appState.currentItemOpacity),
+    );
+
+    return (
+      <Range
+        label={t("labels.opacity")}
+        value={opacity ?? appState.currentItemOpacity}
+        hasCommonValue={opacity !== null}
+        onChange={updateData}
+        min={0}
+        max={100}
+        step={10}
+        testId="opacity"
+      />
+    );
+  },
 });
 
 export const actionChangeFontSize = register<ExcalidrawTextElement["fontSize"]>(
@@ -1550,80 +1682,117 @@ export const actionChangeRoundness = register<"sharp" | "round">({
 });
 
 const getArrowheadOptions = (flip: boolean) => {
-  return [
-    {
-      value: null,
-      text: t("labels.arrowhead_none"),
-      keyBinding: "q",
-      icon: <ArrowheadNoneIcon flip={flip} />,
-    },
-    {
-      value: "arrow",
-      text: t("labels.arrowhead_arrow"),
-      keyBinding: "w",
-      icon: <ArrowheadArrowIcon flip={flip} />,
-    },
-    {
-      value: "triangle",
-      text: t("labels.arrowhead_triangle"),
-      icon: <ArrowheadTriangleIcon flip={flip} />,
-      keyBinding: "e",
-    },
-    {
-      value: "triangle_outline",
-      text: t("labels.arrowhead_triangle_outline"),
-      icon: <ArrowheadTriangleOutlineIcon flip={flip} />,
-      keyBinding: "r",
-    },
-    {
-      value: "circle",
-      text: t("labels.arrowhead_circle"),
-      keyBinding: "a",
-      icon: <ArrowheadCircleIcon flip={flip} />,
-    },
-    {
-      value: "circle_outline",
-      text: t("labels.arrowhead_circle_outline"),
-      keyBinding: "s",
-      icon: <ArrowheadCircleOutlineIcon flip={flip} />,
-    },
-    {
-      value: "diamond",
-      text: t("labels.arrowhead_diamond"),
-      icon: <ArrowheadDiamondIcon flip={flip} />,
-      keyBinding: "d",
-    },
-    {
-      value: "diamond_outline",
-      text: t("labels.arrowhead_diamond_outline"),
-      icon: <ArrowheadDiamondOutlineIcon flip={flip} />,
-      keyBinding: "f",
-    },
-    {
-      value: "bar",
-      text: t("labels.arrowhead_bar"),
-      keyBinding: "z",
-      icon: <ArrowheadBarIcon flip={flip} />,
-    },
-    {
-      value: "crowfoot_one",
-      text: t("labels.arrowhead_crowfoot_one"),
-      icon: <ArrowheadCrowfootOneIcon flip={flip} />,
-      keyBinding: "x",
-    },
-    {
-      value: "crowfoot_many",
-      text: t("labels.arrowhead_crowfoot_many"),
-      icon: <ArrowheadCrowfootIcon flip={flip} />,
-      keyBinding: "c",
-    },
-    {
-      value: "crowfoot_one_or_many",
-      text: t("labels.arrowhead_crowfoot_one_or_many"),
-      icon: <ArrowheadCrowfootOneOrManyIcon flip={flip} />,
-      keyBinding: "v",
-    },
-  ] as const;
+  return {
+    visibleSections: [
+      {
+        name: "default",
+        options: [
+          {
+            value: null,
+            text: t("labels.arrowhead_none"),
+            keyBinding: "q",
+            icon: <ArrowheadNoneIcon flip={flip} />,
+          },
+          {
+            value: "arrow",
+            text: t("labels.arrowhead_arrow"),
+            keyBinding: "w",
+            icon: <ArrowheadArrowIcon flip={flip} />,
+          },
+          {
+            value: "triangle",
+            text: t("labels.arrowhead_triangle"),
+            icon: <ArrowheadTriangleIcon flip={flip} />,
+            keyBinding: "e",
+          },
+          {
+            value: "triangle_outline",
+            text: t("labels.arrowhead_triangle_outline"),
+            icon: <ArrowheadTriangleOutlineIcon flip={flip} />,
+            keyBinding: "r",
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    ],
+    hiddenSections: [
+      {
+        name: "default",
+        options: [
+          {
+            value: "circle",
+            text: t("labels.arrowhead_circle"),
+            keyBinding: "a",
+            icon: <ArrowheadCircleIcon flip={flip} />,
+          },
+          {
+            value: "circle_outline",
+            text: t("labels.arrowhead_circle_outline"),
+            keyBinding: "s",
+            icon: <ArrowheadCircleOutlineIcon flip={flip} />,
+          },
+          {
+            value: "diamond",
+            text: t("labels.arrowhead_diamond"),
+            icon: <ArrowheadDiamondIcon flip={flip} />,
+            keyBinding: "d",
+          },
+          {
+            value: "diamond_outline",
+            text: t("labels.arrowhead_diamond_outline"),
+            icon: <ArrowheadDiamondOutlineIcon flip={flip} />,
+            keyBinding: "f",
+          },
+          {
+            value: "bar",
+            text: t("labels.arrowhead_bar"),
+            keyBinding: "z",
+            icon: <ArrowheadBarIcon flip={flip} />,
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      {
+        name: t("labels.cardinality"),
+        options: [
+          {
+            value: "cardinality_one",
+            text: t("labels.arrowhead_cardinality_one"),
+            icon: <ArrowheadCardinalityOneIcon flip={flip} />,
+            keyBinding: "x",
+          },
+          {
+            value: "cardinality_many",
+            text: t("labels.arrowhead_cardinality_many"),
+            icon: <ArrowheadCardinalityManyIcon flip={flip} />,
+            keyBinding: "c",
+          },
+          {
+            value: "cardinality_one_or_many",
+            text: t("labels.arrowhead_cardinality_one_or_many"),
+            icon: <ArrowheadCardinalityOneOrManyIcon flip={flip} />,
+            keyBinding: "v",
+          },
+          {
+            value: "cardinality_exactly_one",
+            text: t("labels.arrowhead_cardinality_exactly_one"),
+            icon: <ArrowheadCardinalityExactlyOneIcon flip={flip} />,
+            keyBinding: null,
+          },
+          {
+            value: "cardinality_zero_or_one",
+            text: t("labels.arrowhead_cardinality_zero_or_one"),
+            icon: <ArrowheadCardinalityZeroOrOneIcon flip={flip} />,
+            keyBinding: null,
+          },
+          {
+            value: "cardinality_zero_or_many",
+            text: t("labels.arrowhead_cardinality_zero_or_many"),
+            icon: <ArrowheadCardinalityZeroOrManyIcon flip={flip} />,
+            keyBinding: null,
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    ],
+  } as const;
 };
 
 export const actionChangeArrowhead = register<{
@@ -1667,45 +1836,52 @@ export const actionChangeArrowhead = register<{
   },
   PanelComponent: ({ elements, appState, updateData, app }) => {
     const isRTL = getLanguage().rtl;
+    const startArrowheadOptions = useMemo(
+      () => getArrowheadOptions(!isRTL),
+      [isRTL],
+    );
+    const endArrowheadOptions = useMemo(
+      () => getArrowheadOptions(!!isRTL),
+      [isRTL],
+    );
 
     return (
       <fieldset>
         <legend>{t("labels.arrowheads")}</legend>
         <div className="iconSelectList buttonList">
           <IconPicker
+            visibleSections={startArrowheadOptions.visibleSections}
+            hiddenSections={startArrowheadOptions.hiddenSections}
             label="arrowhead_start"
-            options={getArrowheadOptions(!isRTL)}
             value={getFormValue<Arrowhead | null>(
               elements,
               app,
               (element) =>
                 isLinearElement(element) && canHaveArrowheads(element.type)
-                  ? element.startArrowhead
+                  ? getArrowheadForPicker(element.startArrowhead)
                   : appState.currentItemStartArrowhead,
               true,
               (hasSelection) =>
                 hasSelection ? null : appState.currentItemStartArrowhead,
             )}
             onChange={(value) => updateData({ position: "start", type: value })}
-            numberOfOptionsToAlwaysShow={4}
           />
           <IconPicker
+            visibleSections={endArrowheadOptions.visibleSections}
+            hiddenSections={endArrowheadOptions.hiddenSections}
             label="arrowhead_end"
-            group="arrowheads"
-            options={getArrowheadOptions(!!isRTL)}
             value={getFormValue<Arrowhead | null>(
               elements,
               app,
               (element) =>
                 isLinearElement(element) && canHaveArrowheads(element.type)
-                  ? element.endArrowhead
+                  ? getArrowheadForPicker(element.endArrowhead)
                   : appState.currentItemEndArrowhead,
               true,
               (hasSelection) =>
                 hasSelection ? null : appState.currentItemEndArrowhead,
             )}
             onChange={(value) => updateData({ position: "end", type: value })}
-            numberOfOptionsToAlwaysShow={4}
           />
         </div>
       </fieldset>

packages/excalidraw/actions/actionTextAutoResize.ts

@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
 import { getFontString } from "@excalidraw/common";
 
-import { newElementWith } from "@excalidraw/element";
+import { isExcalidrawElement, newElementWith } from "@excalidraw/element";
 import { measureText } from "@excalidraw/element";
 
 import { isTextElement } from "@excalidraw/element";
 
 import { CaptureUpdateAction } from "@excalidraw/element";
 
+import type { ExcalidrawElement } from "@excalidraw/element/types";
+
 import { getSelectedElements } from "../scene";
 
 import { register } from "./register";
 
-import type { AppClassProperties } from "../types";
-
 export const actionTextAutoResize = register({
   name: "autoResize",
   label: "labels.autoResize",
   icon: null,
   trackEvent: { category: "element" },
-  predicate: (elements, appState, _: unknown, app: AppClassProperties) => {
+  predicate: (elements, appState, _: unknown) => {
     const selectedElements = getSelectedElements(elements, appState);
     return (
       selectedElements.length === 1 &&
@@ -26,13 +26,18 @@ export const actionTextAutoResize = register({
       !selectedElements[0].autoResize
     );
   },
-  perform: (elements, appState, _, app) => {
+  perform: (elements, appState, targetElement) => {
     const selectedElements = getSelectedElements(elements, appState);
 
+    const targetTextElement =
+      isExcalidrawElement(targetElement) && isTextElement(targetElement)
+        ? targetElement
+        : (selectedElements[0] as ExcalidrawElement | undefined);
+
     return {
       appState,
       elements: elements.map((element) => {
-        if (element.id === selectedElements[0].id && isTextElement(element)) {
+        if (element.id === targetTextElement?.id && isTextElement(element)) {
           const metrics = measureText(
             element.originalText,
             getFontString(element),

packages/excalidraw/actions/index.ts

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ export {
   actionChangeStrokeWidth,
   actionChangeFillStyle,
   actionChangeSloppiness,
+  actionChangeFreedrawMode,
   actionChangeOpacity,
   actionChangeFontSize,
   actionChangeFontFamily,
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ export {
 export { actionSetEmbeddableAsActiveTool } from "./actionEmbeddable";
 
 export { actionFinalize } from "./actionFinalize";
+export { actionDeselect } from "./actionDeselect";
 
 export {
   actionChangeProjectName,

packages/excalidraw/actions/types.ts

@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ export type ActionName =
   | "changeStrokeWidth"
   | "changeStrokeShape"
   | "changeSloppiness"
+  | "changeFreedrawMode"
   | "changeStrokeStyle"
   | "changeArrowhead"
   | "changeArrowType"
@@ -114,6 +115,7 @@ export type ActionName =
   | "distributeVertically"
   | "flipHorizontal"
   | "flipVertical"
+  | "deselect"
   | "viewMode"
   | "exportWithDarkMode"
   | "toggleTheme"

packages/excalidraw/animatedTrail.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { LaserPointer } from "@excalidraw/laser-pointer";
-
 import {
   SVG_NS,
   getSvgPathFromStroke,
@@ -8,7 +7,8 @@ import {
 
 import type { LaserPointerOptions } from "@excalidraw/laser-pointer";
 
-import type { AnimationFrameHandler } from "./animation-frame-handler";
+import { AnimationController } from "./renderer/animation";
+
 import type App from "./components/App";
 import type { AppState } from "./types";
 
@@ -34,15 +34,16 @@ export class AnimatedTrail implements Trail {
   private container?: SVGSVGElement;
   private trailElement: SVGPathElement;
   private trailAnimation?: SVGAnimateElement;
+  private key: string;
+
+  private static counter = 0;
 
   constructor(
-    private animationFrameHandler: AnimationFrameHandler,
     protected app: App,
     private options: Partial<LaserPointerOptions> &
       Partial<AnimatedTrailOptions>,
   ) {
-    this.animationFrameHandler.register(this, this.onFrame.bind(this));
-
+    this.key = `animated-trail-${AnimatedTrail.counter++}`;
     this.trailElement = document.createElementNS(SVG_NS, "path");
     if (this.options.animateTrail) {
       this.trailAnimation = document.createElementNS(SVG_NS, "animate");
@@ -73,6 +74,15 @@ export class AnimatedTrail implements Trail {
     return false;
   }
 
+  private cleanup() {
+    this.pastTrails = [];
+    this.currentTrail = undefined;
+
+    if (this.trailElement.parentNode === this.container) {
+      this.container?.removeChild(this.trailElement);
+    }
+  }
+
   start(container?: SVGSVGElement) {
     if (container) {
       this.container = container;
@@ -82,15 +92,23 @@ export class AnimatedTrail implements Trail {
       this.container.appendChild(this.trailElement);
     }
 
-    this.animationFrameHandler.start(this);
+    if (!AnimationController.running(this.key)) {
+      AnimationController.start(this.key, () => {
+        const needsNext = this.onFrame();
+        if (needsNext) {
+          return { keep: true };
+        }
+
+        this.cleanup();
+
+        return null;
+      });
+    }
   }
 
   stop() {
-    this.animationFrameHandler.stop(this);
-
-    if (this.trailElement.parentNode === this.container) {
-      this.container?.removeChild(this.trailElement);
-    }
+    AnimationController.cancel(this.key);
+    this.cleanup();
   }
 
   startPath(x: number, y: number) {
@@ -145,21 +163,25 @@ export class AnimatedTrail implements Trail {
 
     if (this.currentTrail) {
       const currentPath = this.drawTrail(this.currentTrail, this.app.state);
-
       paths.push(currentPath);
     }
 
-    this.pastTrails = this.pastTrails.filter((trail) => {
-      return trail.getStrokeOutline().length !== 0;
-    });
+    this.pastTrails = this.pastTrails.filter(
+      (t) =>
+        t.getStrokeOutline(t.options.size / this.app.state.zoom.value)
+          .length !== 0,
+    );
 
     if (paths.length === 0) {
-      this.stop();
+      // Clean up the SVG path if there are no trails to render
+      this.trailElement.setAttribute("d", "");
+
+      return false;
     }
 
     const svgPaths = paths.join(" ").trim();
-
     this.trailElement.setAttribute("d", svgPaths);
+
     if (this.trailAnimation) {
       this.trailElement.setAttribute(
         "fill",
@@ -175,6 +197,8 @@ export class AnimatedTrail implements Trail {
         (this.options.fill ?? (() => "black"))(this),
       );
     }
+
+    return true;
   }
 
   private drawTrail(trail: LaserPointer, state: AppState): string {

packages/excalidraw/animation-frame-handler.ts

@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-export type AnimationCallback = (timestamp: number) => void | boolean;
-
-export type AnimationTarget = {
-  callback: AnimationCallback;
-  stopped: boolean;
-};
-
-export class AnimationFrameHandler {
-  private targets = new WeakMap<object, AnimationTarget>();
-  private rafIds = new WeakMap<object, number>();
-
-  register(key: object, callback: AnimationCallback) {
-    this.targets.set(key, { callback, stopped: true });
-  }
-
-  start(key: object) {
-    const target = this.targets.get(key);
-
-    if (!target) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    if (this.rafIds.has(key)) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    this.targets.set(key, { ...target, stopped: false });
-    this.scheduleFrame(key);
-  }
-
-  stop(key: object) {
-    const target = this.targets.get(key);
-    if (target && !target.stopped) {
-      this.targets.set(key, { ...target, stopped: true });
-    }
-
-    this.cancelFrame(key);
-  }
-
-  private constructFrame(key: object): FrameRequestCallback {
-    return (timestamp: number) => {
-      const target = this.targets.get(key);
-
-      if (!target) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      const shouldAbort = this.onFrame(target, timestamp);
-
-      if (!target.stopped && !shouldAbort) {
-        this.scheduleFrame(key);
-      } else {
-        this.cancelFrame(key);
-      }
-    };
-  }
-
-  private scheduleFrame(key: object) {
-    const rafId = requestAnimationFrame(this.constructFrame(key));
-
-    this.rafIds.set(key, rafId);
-  }
-
-  private cancelFrame(key: object) {
-    if (this.rafIds.has(key)) {
-      const rafId = this.rafIds.get(key)!;
-
-      cancelAnimationFrame(rafId);
-    }
-
-    this.rafIds.delete(key);
-  }
-
-  private onFrame(target: AnimationTarget, timestamp: number): boolean {
-    const shouldAbort = target.callback(timestamp);
-
-    return shouldAbort ?? false;
-  }
-}

packages/excalidraw/appState.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import {
   DEFAULT_ELEMENT_PROPS,
   DEFAULT_FONT_FAMILY,
   DEFAULT_FONT_SIZE,
+  DEFAULT_ELEMENT_STROKE_WIDTH_KEY,
   DEFAULT_TEXT_ALIGN,
   DEFAULT_GRID_SIZE,
   EXPORT_SCALES,
@@ -34,12 +35,13 @@ export const getDefaultAppState = (): Omit<
     currentItemFontSize: DEFAULT_FONT_SIZE,
     currentItemOpacity: DEFAULT_ELEMENT_PROPS.opacity,
     currentItemRoughness: DEFAULT_ELEMENT_PROPS.roughness,
+    currentItemStrokeVariability: "constant",
     currentItemStartArrowhead: null,
     currentItemStrokeColor: DEFAULT_ELEMENT_PROPS.strokeColor,
     currentItemRoundness: isTestEnv() ? "sharp" : "round",
     currentItemArrowType: ARROW_TYPE.round,
     currentItemStrokeStyle: DEFAULT_ELEMENT_PROPS.strokeStyle,
-    currentItemStrokeWidth: DEFAULT_ELEMENT_PROPS.strokeWidth,
+    currentItemStrokeWidthKey: DEFAULT_ELEMENT_STROKE_WIDTH_KEY,
     currentItemTextAlign: DEFAULT_TEXT_ALIGN,
     currentHoveredFontFamily: null,
     cursorButton: "up",
@@ -99,7 +101,6 @@ export const getDefaultAppState = (): Omit<
       open: false,
       panels: STATS_PANELS.generalStats | STATS_PANELS.elementProperties,
     },
-    startBoundElement: null,
     suggestedBinding: null,
     frameRendering: { enabled: true, clip: true, name: true, outline: true },
     frameToHighlight: null,
@@ -128,6 +129,7 @@ export const getDefaultAppState = (): Omit<
     lockedMultiSelections: {},
     activeLockedId: null,
     bindMode: "orbit",
+    boxSelectionMode: "contain",
   };
 };
 
@@ -167,10 +169,15 @@ const APP_STATE_STORAGE_CONF = (<
   },
   currentItemOpacity: { browser: true, export: false, server: false },
   currentItemRoughness: { browser: true, export: false, server: false },
+  currentItemStrokeVariability: {
+    browser: true,
+    export: false,
+    server: false,
+  },
   currentItemStartArrowhead: { browser: true, export: false, server: false },
   currentItemStrokeColor: { browser: true, export: false, server: false },
   currentItemStrokeStyle: { browser: true, export: false, server: false },
-  currentItemStrokeWidth: { browser: true, export: false, server: false },
+  currentItemStrokeWidthKey: { browser: true, export: false, server: false },
   currentItemTextAlign: { browser: true, export: false, server: false },
   currentHoveredFontFamily: { browser: false, export: false, server: false },
   cursorButton: { browser: true, export: false, server: false },
@@ -193,6 +200,7 @@ const APP_STATE_STORAGE_CONF = (<
   gridModeEnabled: { browser: true, export: true, server: true },
   height: { browser: false, export: false, server: false },
   isBindingEnabled: { browser: true, export: false, server: false },
+  boxSelectionMode: { browser: true, export: false, server: false },
   bindingPreference: { browser: true, export: false, server: false },
   isMidpointSnappingEnabled: { browser: true, export: false, server: false },
   defaultSidebarDockedPreference: {
@@ -229,7 +237,6 @@ const APP_STATE_STORAGE_CONF = (<
   selectionElement: { browser: false, export: false, server: false },
   shouldCacheIgnoreZoom: { browser: true, export: false, server: false },
   stats: { browser: true, export: false, server: false },
-  startBoundElement: { browser: false, export: false, server: false },
   suggestedBinding: { browser: false, export: false, server: false },
   frameRendering: { browser: false, export: false, server: false },
   frameToHighlight: { browser: false, export: false, server: false },

packages/excalidraw/components/Actions.tsx

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ import {
   canHaveArrowheads,
   getTargetElements,
   hasBackground,
+  hasFreedrawMode,
   hasStrokeStyle,
   hasStrokeWidth,
 } from "../scene";
@@ -201,9 +202,9 @@ export const SelectedShapeActions = ({
         targetElements.some((element) => hasStrokeWidth(element.type))) &&
         renderAction("changeStrokeWidth")}
 
-      {(appState.activeTool.type === "freedraw" ||
-        targetElements.some((element) => element.type === "freedraw")) &&
-        renderAction("changeStrokeShape")}
+      {(hasFreedrawMode(appState.activeTool.type) ||
+        targetElements.some((element) => hasFreedrawMode(element.type))) &&
+        renderAction("changeFreedrawMode")}
 
       {(hasStrokeStyle(appState.activeTool.type) ||
         targetElements.some((element) => hasStrokeStyle(element.type))) && (
@@ -394,6 +395,17 @@ const CombinedShapeProperties = ({
                   hasStrokeWidth(element.type),
                 )) &&
                 renderAction("changeStrokeWidth")}
+              {
+                /* in compact UI the freedraw pressure setting is rendered as a
+                  standalone cycle button in the compact actions list; we render
+                  it in the combined properties popup as well for clarity
+                */
+                (hasFreedrawMode(appState.activeTool.type) ||
+                  targetElements.some((element) =>
+                    hasFreedrawMode(element.type),
+                  )) &&
+                  renderAction("changeFreedrawMode")
+              }
               {(hasStrokeStyle(appState.activeTool.type) ||
                 targetElements.some((element) =>
                   hasStrokeStyle(element.type),
@@ -826,6 +838,14 @@ export const CompactShapeActions = ({
         </div>
       )}
 
+      {/* Freedraw pressure: standalone button cycling the variability mode */}
+      {(hasFreedrawMode(appState.activeTool.type) ||
+        targetElements.some((element) => hasFreedrawMode(element.type))) && (
+        <div className="compact-action-item">
+          {renderAction("changeFreedrawMode", { cycle: true })}
+        </div>
+      )}
+
       <CombinedShapeProperties
         appState={appState}
         renderAction={renderAction}
@@ -1054,6 +1074,11 @@ export const ShapesSwitcher = ({
   const isFullStylesPanel = stylesPanelMode === "full";
   const isCompactStylesPanel = stylesPanelMode === "compact";
 
+  // a pen detected on a tool button's pointer-down, to be applied (enabling
+  // pen mode) only after the tap's `change` has committed — see the tool
+  // button handlers below
+  const pendingPenDetectionRef = useRef(false);
+
   const SELECTION_TOOLS = [
     {
       type: "selection",
@@ -1152,8 +1177,13 @@ export const ShapesSwitcher = ({
               aria-keyshortcuts={shortcut}
               data-testid={`toolbar-${value}`}
               onPointerDown={({ pointerType }) => {
+                // Detect the pen here (pointerType is reliable on pointer-down)
+                // but DON'T enable pen mode yet: calling setState mid-gesture
+                // re-renders the controlled radio and, on iOS/iPadOS, aborts
+                // the ensuing click so the tool isn't selected on the first pen
+                // tap. Defer it until the tap's `change` has committed (below).
                 if (!app.state.penDetected && pointerType === "pen") {
-                  app.togglePenMode(true);
+                  pendingPenDetectionRef.current = true;
                 }
 
                 if (value === "selection") {
@@ -1164,16 +1194,21 @@ export const ShapesSwitcher = ({
                   }
                 }
               }}
-              onChange={({ pointerType }) => {
+              onChange={() => {
                 if (app.state.activeTool.type !== value) {
                   trackEvent("toolbar", value, "ui");
                 }
-                if (value === "image") {
-                  app.setActiveTool({
-                    type: value,
-                  });
-                } else {
-                  app.setActiveTool({ type: value });
+                app.setActiveTool({ type: value });
+
+                // Apply the pen detection captured on pointer-down now that the
+                // tool is selected. rAF keeps the resulting re-render out of the
+                // `change` event itself. We rely on the pointer-down detection
+                // rather than this handler's pointerType because the latter is
+                // unreliable on iOS (its backing ref is cleared before the
+                // delayed click fires).
+                if (pendingPenDetectionRef.current) {
+                  pendingPenDetectionRef.current = false;
+                  requestAnimationFrame(() => app.togglePenMode(true));
                 }
               }}
             />

packages/excalidraw/components/CommandPalette/CommandPalette.tsx

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import {
   actionClearCanvas,
   actionLink,
   actionToggleSearchMenu,
+  actionToggleTheme,
 } from "../../actions";
 import {
   actionCopyElementLink,
@@ -424,6 +425,7 @@ function CommandPaletteInner({
       ];
 
       const additionalCommands: CommandPaletteItem[] = [
+        actionToCommand(actionToggleTheme, DEFAULT_CATEGORIES.app),
         {
           label: t("toolBar.library"),
           category: DEFAULT_CATEGORIES.app,

packages/excalidraw/components/CommandPalette/defaultCommandPaletteItems.ts

@@ -1,12 +1 @@
-import { actionToggleTheme } from "../../actions";
-
-import type { CommandPaletteItem } from "./types";
-
-export const toggleTheme: CommandPaletteItem = {
-  ...actionToggleTheme,
-  category: "App",
-  label: "Toggle theme",
-  perform: ({ actionManager }) => {
-    actionManager.executeAction(actionToggleTheme, "commandPalette");
-  },
-};
+export {};

packages/excalidraw/components/ConvertElementTypePopup.tsx

@@ -831,14 +831,13 @@ const convertElementType = <
       newElement({
         ...element,
         type: targetType,
-        roundness:
-          targetType === "diamond" && element.roundness
-            ? {
-                type: isUsingAdaptiveRadius(targetType)
-                  ? ROUNDNESS.ADAPTIVE_RADIUS
-                  : ROUNDNESS.PROPORTIONAL_RADIUS,
-              }
-            : element.roundness,
+        roundness: element.roundness
+          ? {
+              type: isUsingAdaptiveRadius(targetType)
+                ? ROUNDNESS.ADAPTIVE_RADIUS
+                : ROUNDNESS.PROPORTIONAL_RADIUS,
+            }
+          : element.roundness,
       }),
     ) as typeof element;
 

packages/excalidraw/components/FontPicker/FontPickerList.tsx

@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ import {
 import { fontPickerKeyHandler } from "./keyboardNavHandlers";
 
 import type { JSX } from "react";
+import type { ExcalidrawFontFace } from "../../fonts/ExcalidrawFontFace";
 
 export interface FontDescriptor {
   value: number;
@@ -86,6 +87,15 @@ const getFontFamilyIcon = (fontFamily: FontFamilyValues): JSX.Element => {
   }
 };
 
+const getFontFamilyLabel = (
+  fontFamily: FontFamilyValues,
+  fontFaces: ExcalidrawFontFace[],
+) =>
+  // prefer our config as the browser resolved names may be wrapped in quotes and such
+  Object.entries(FONT_FAMILY).find(([, id]) => id === fontFamily)?.[0] ??
+  fontFaces[0]?.fontFace?.family ??
+  "Unknown";
+
 export const FontPickerList = React.memo(
   ({
     selectedFontFamily,
@@ -114,7 +124,7 @@ export const FontPickerList = React.memo(
             const fontDescriptor = {
               value: familyId,
               icon: getFontFamilyIcon(familyId),
-              text: fontFaces[0]?.fontFace?.family ?? "Unknown",
+              text: getFontFamilyLabel(familyId, fontFaces),
             };
 
             if (metadata.deprecated) {

packages/excalidraw/components/HelpDialog.tsx

@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@ import { isDarwin, isFirefox, isWindows } from "@excalidraw/common";
 
 import { KEYS } from "@excalidraw/common";
 
+import { actionToggleTheme } from "../actions";
 import { getShortcutFromShortcutName } from "../actions/shortcuts";
 import { probablySupportsClipboardBlob } from "../clipboard";
 import { t } from "../i18n";
 import { getShortcutKey } from "../shortcut";
 
+import { useExcalidrawActionManager } from "./App";
 import { Dialog } from "./Dialog";
 import { ExternalLinkIcon, GithubIcon, youtubeIcon } from "./icons";
 
@@ -124,6 +126,7 @@ const ShortcutKey = (props: { children: React.ReactNode }) => (
 );
 
 export const HelpDialog = ({ onClose }: { onClose?: () => void }) => {
+  const actionManager = useExcalidrawActionManager();
   const handleClose = React.useCallback(() => {
     if (onClose) {
       onClose();
@@ -302,10 +305,12 @@ export const HelpDialog = ({ onClose }: { onClose?: () => void }) => {
               label={t("labels.viewMode")}
               shortcuts={[getShortcutKey("Alt+R")]}
             />
-            <Shortcut
-              label={t("labels.toggleTheme")}
-              shortcuts={[getShortcutKey("Alt+Shift+D")]}
-            />
+            {actionManager.isActionEnabled(actionToggleTheme) && (
+              <Shortcut
+                label={t("labels.toggleTheme")}
+                shortcuts={[getShortcutKey("Alt+Shift+D")]}
+              />
+            )}
             <Shortcut
               label={t("stats.fullTitle")}
               shortcuts={[getShortcutKey("Alt+/")]}

packages/excalidraw/components/IconPicker.scss

@@ -6,14 +6,20 @@
     padding: 0.5rem;
     background: var(--popup-bg-color);
     border: 0 solid color.adjust(#fff, $alpha: -0.75);
-    box-shadow: var(--shadow-island);
+    box-shadow: var(--shadow-island-stronger);
     border-radius: 4px;
-    position: absolute;
     :root[dir="rtl"] & {
       padding: 0.4rem;
     }
   }
 
+  .picker-sections,
+  .picker-section {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-direction: column;
+    gap: 0.5rem;
+  }
+
   .picker-container button,
   .picker button {
     position: relative;
@@ -62,7 +68,13 @@
 
   .picker-collapsible {
     font-size: 0.75rem;
-    padding: 0.5rem 0;
+    padding: 0;
+    color: var(--text-primary-color);
+  }
+
+  .picker-section-label {
+    font-size: 0.75rem;
+    color: var(--text-primary-color);
   }
 
   .picker-keybinding {

packages/excalidraw/components/IconPicker.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Popover } from "radix-ui";
 import clsx from "clsx";
-import React, { useEffect } from "react";
+import React, { useEffect, useMemo } from "react";
 
 import { isArrowKey, KEYS } from "@excalidraw/common";
 
@@ -8,13 +8,15 @@ import { atom, useAtom } from "../editor-jotai";
 import { getLanguage, t } from "../i18n";
 
 import Collapsible from "./Stats/Collapsible";
-import { useEditorInterface, useExcalidrawContainer } from "./App";
+import { useExcalidrawContainer } from "./App";
 
 import "./IconPicker.scss";
 
 import type { JSX } from "react";
 
 const moreOptionsAtom = atom(false);
+const PICKER_COLUMNS = 4;
+const DEFAULT_SECTION_NAME = "default";
 
 type Option<T> = {
   value: T;
@@ -23,28 +25,73 @@ type Option<T> = {
   keyBinding: string | null;
 };
 
+type PickerSection<T> = {
+  name: string;
+  options: readonly Option<T>[];
+};
+
+const flattenOptions = <T,>(sections: readonly PickerSection<T>[]) =>
+  sections.flatMap((section) => section.options);
+
+const findOption = <T,>(
+  sections: readonly PickerSection<T>[],
+  predicate: (option: Option<T>) => boolean,
+) => {
+  for (const section of sections) {
+    const option = section.options.find(predicate);
+    if (option) {
+      return option;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null;
+};
+
+const hasOption = <T,>(
+  sections: readonly PickerSection<T>[],
+  predicate: (option: Option<T>) => boolean,
+) => sections.some((section) => section.options.some(predicate));
+
+const getNavigationRows = <T,>(sections: readonly PickerSection<T>[]) =>
+  sections.flatMap((section) =>
+    Array.from(
+      { length: Math.ceil(section.options.length / PICKER_COLUMNS) },
+      (_, index) =>
+        section.options.slice(
+          index * PICKER_COLUMNS,
+          index * PICKER_COLUMNS + PICKER_COLUMNS,
+        ),
+    ),
+  );
+
 function Picker<T>({
-  options,
+  visibleSections,
+  hiddenSections = [],
   value,
   label,
   onChange,
   onClose,
-  numberOfOptionsToAlwaysShow = options.length,
 }: {
   label: string;
   value: T;
-  options: readonly Option<T>[];
+  visibleSections: readonly PickerSection<T>[];
+  hiddenSections?: readonly PickerSection<T>[];
   onChange: (value: T) => void;
   onClose: () => void;
-  numberOfOptionsToAlwaysShow?: number;
 }) {
-  const editorInterface = useEditorInterface();
   const { container } = useExcalidrawContainer();
+  const [showMoreOptions, setShowMoreOptions] = useAtom(moreOptionsAtom);
+  const allSections = [...visibleSections, ...hiddenSections];
+  const allOptions = flattenOptions(allSections);
+  const navigationRows = getNavigationRows([
+    ...visibleSections,
+    ...(showMoreOptions ? hiddenSections : []),
+  ]);
 
   const handleKeyDown = (event: React.KeyboardEvent) => {
-    const pressedOption = options.find(
+    const pressedOption = allOptions.find(
       (option) => option.keyBinding === event.key.toLowerCase(),
-    )!;
+    );
 
     if (!(event.metaKey || event.altKey || event.ctrlKey) && pressedOption) {
       // Keybinding navigation
@@ -52,17 +99,17 @@ function Picker<T>({
 
       event.preventDefault();
     } else if (event.key === KEYS.TAB) {
-      const index = options.findIndex((option) => option.value === value);
+      const index = allOptions.findIndex((option) => option.value === value);
       const nextIndex = event.shiftKey
-        ? (options.length + index - 1) % options.length
-        : (index + 1) % options.length;
-      onChange(options[nextIndex].value);
+        ? (allOptions.length + index - 1) % allOptions.length
+        : (index + 1) % allOptions.length;
+      onChange(allOptions[nextIndex].value);
     } else if (isArrowKey(event.key)) {
       // Arrow navigation
       const isRTL = getLanguage().rtl;
-      const index = options.findIndex((option) => option.value === value);
+      const index = allOptions.findIndex((option) => option.value === value);
       if (index !== -1) {
-        const length = options.length;
+        const length = allOptions.length;
         let nextIndex = index;
 
         switch (event.key) {
@@ -76,18 +123,60 @@ function Picker<T>({
             break;
           // Go the next row
           case KEYS.ARROW_DOWN: {
-            nextIndex = (index + (numberOfOptionsToAlwaysShow ?? 1)) % length;
+            const currentRowIndex = navigationRows.findIndex((row) =>
+              row.some((option) => option.value === value),
+            );
+            const currentRow = navigationRows[currentRowIndex];
+
+            if (currentRowIndex !== -1 && currentRow) {
+              const column = currentRow.findIndex(
+                (option) => option.value === value,
+              );
+              const nextRow =
+                navigationRows[(currentRowIndex + 1) % navigationRows.length];
+              const nextOption =
+                nextRow[Math.min(column, nextRow.length - 1)] ??
+                allOptions[index];
+
+              onChange(nextOption.value);
+              event.preventDefault();
+              event.nativeEvent.stopImmediatePropagation();
+              event.stopPropagation();
+              return;
+            }
             break;
           }
           // Go the previous row
           case KEYS.ARROW_UP: {
-            nextIndex =
-              (length + index - (numberOfOptionsToAlwaysShow ?? 1)) % length;
+            const currentRowIndex = navigationRows.findIndex((row) =>
+              row.some((option) => option.value === value),
+            );
+            const currentRow = navigationRows[currentRowIndex];
+
+            if (currentRowIndex !== -1 && currentRow) {
+              const column = currentRow.findIndex(
+                (option) => option.value === value,
+              );
+              const previousRow =
+                navigationRows[
+                  (navigationRows.length + currentRowIndex - 1) %
+                    navigationRows.length
+                ];
+              const previousOption =
+                previousRow[Math.min(column, previousRow.length - 1)] ??
+                allOptions[index];
+
+              onChange(previousOption.value);
+              event.preventDefault();
+              event.nativeEvent.stopImmediatePropagation();
+              event.stopPropagation();
+              return;
+            }
             break;
           }
         }
 
-        onChange(options[nextIndex].value);
+        onChange(allOptions[nextIndex].value);
       }
       event.preventDefault();
     } else if (event.key === KEYS.ESCAPE || event.key === KEYS.ENTER) {
@@ -99,38 +188,29 @@ function Picker<T>({
     event.stopPropagation();
   };
 
-  const [showMoreOptions, setShowMoreOptions] = useAtom(moreOptionsAtom);
-
-  const alwaysVisibleOptions = React.useMemo(
-    () => options.slice(0, numberOfOptionsToAlwaysShow),
-    [options, numberOfOptionsToAlwaysShow],
-  );
-  const moreOptions = React.useMemo(
-    () => options.slice(numberOfOptionsToAlwaysShow),
-    [options, numberOfOptionsToAlwaysShow],
-  );
-
   useEffect(() => {
-    if (!alwaysVisibleOptions.some((option) => option.value === value)) {
+    if (hasOption(hiddenSections, (option) => option.value === value)) {
       setShowMoreOptions(true);
     }
-  }, [value, alwaysVisibleOptions, setShowMoreOptions]);
+  }, [value, hiddenSections, setShowMoreOptions]);
 
-  const renderOptions = (options: Option<T>[]) => {
+  const renderOptions = (options: readonly Option<T>[]) => {
     return (
       <div className="picker-content">
-        {options.map((option, i) => (
+        {options.map((option) => (
           <button
             type="button"
             className={clsx("picker-option", {
               active: value === option.value,
             })}
-            onClick={(event) => {
+            onClick={() => {
               onChange(option.value);
             }}
-            title={`${option.text} ${
-              option.keyBinding && `— ${option.keyBinding.toUpperCase()}`
-            }`}
+            title={
+              option.keyBinding
+                ? `${option.text} — ${option.keyBinding.toUpperCase()}`
+                : option.text
+            }
             aria-label={option.text || "none"}
             aria-keyshortcuts={option.keyBinding || undefined}
             key={option.text}
@@ -153,26 +233,38 @@ function Picker<T>({
     );
   };
 
-  const isMobile = editorInterface.formFactor === "phone";
+  const renderSections = (sections: readonly PickerSection<T>[]) =>
+    sections.map((section, index) =>
+      section.name === DEFAULT_SECTION_NAME ? (
+        <React.Fragment key={`${section.name}-${index}`}>
+          {renderOptions(section.options)}
+        </React.Fragment>
+      ) : (
+        <div className="picker-section" key={`${section.name}-${index}`}>
+          <div className="picker-section-label">{section.name}</div>
+          {renderOptions(section.options)}
+        </div>
+      ),
+    );
 
   return (
     <Popover.Content
-      side={isMobile ? "right" : "bottom"}
+      className="picker"
+      role="dialog"
+      aria-modal="true"
+      aria-label={label}
+      side={"bottom"}
       align="start"
-      sideOffset={isMobile ? 8 : 12}
+      sideOffset={12}
+      alignOffset={12}
       style={{ zIndex: "var(--zIndex-ui-styles-popup)" }}
       onKeyDown={handleKeyDown}
       collisionBoundary={container ?? undefined}
     >
-      <div
-        className={`picker`}
-        role="dialog"
-        aria-modal="true"
-        aria-label={label}
-      >
-        {renderOptions(alwaysVisibleOptions)}
+      <div className="picker-sections">
+        {renderSections(visibleSections)}
 
-        {moreOptions.length > 0 && (
+        {hiddenSections.length > 0 && (
           <Collapsible
             label={t("labels.more_options")}
             open={showMoreOptions}
@@ -181,7 +273,9 @@ function Picker<T>({
             }}
             className="picker-collapsible"
           >
-            {renderOptions(moreOptions)}
+            <div className="picker-sections">
+              {renderSections(hiddenSections)}
+            </div>
           </Collapsible>
         )}
       </div>
@@ -192,49 +286,45 @@ function Picker<T>({
 export function IconPicker<T>({
   value,
   label,
-  options,
+  visibleSections,
+  hiddenSections,
   onChange,
-  group = "",
-  numberOfOptionsToAlwaysShow,
 }: {
   label: string;
   value: T;
-  options: readonly {
-    value: T;
-    text: string;
-    icon: JSX.Element;
-    keyBinding: string | null;
-  }[];
+  visibleSections: readonly PickerSection<T>[];
+  hiddenSections?: readonly PickerSection<T>[];
   onChange: (value: T) => void;
-  numberOfOptionsToAlwaysShow?: number;
-  group?: string;
 }) {
   const [isActive, setActive] = React.useState(false);
-  const rPickerButton = React.useRef<any>(null);
+  const selectedOption = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      findOption(visibleSections, (option) => option.value === value) ??
+      findOption(hiddenSections ?? [], (option) => option.value === value),
+    [visibleSections, hiddenSections, value],
+  );
 
   return (
     <div>
       <Popover.Root open={isActive} onOpenChange={(open) => setActive(open)}>
         <Popover.Trigger
-          name={group}
           type="button"
           aria-label={label}
           onClick={() => setActive(!isActive)}
-          ref={rPickerButton}
           className={isActive ? "active" : ""}
         >
-          {options.find((option) => option.value === value)?.icon}
+          {selectedOption?.icon}
         </Popover.Trigger>
         {isActive && (
           <Picker
-            options={options}
+            visibleSections={visibleSections}
+            hiddenSections={hiddenSections}
             value={value}
             label={label}
             onChange={onChange}
             onClose={() => {
               setActive(false);
             }}
-            numberOfOptionsToAlwaysShow={numberOfOptionsToAlwaysShow}
           />
         )}
       </Popover.Root>

packages/excalidraw/components/Island.scss

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
     border-radius: var(--border-radius-lg);
     padding: calc(var(--padding) * var(--space-factor));
     position: relative;
-    transition: box-shadow 0.5s ease-in-out;
 
     &.zen-mode {
       box-shadow: none;

packages/excalidraw/components/LayerUI.scss

@@ -120,6 +120,24 @@
     }
   }
 
+  // on tablet, the pen mode button is rendered as a separate floating button
+  // below the compact actions menu (see LayerUI.tsx)
+  .App-menu_top__left > .ToolIcon__penMode {
+    justify-self: center;
+
+    .ToolIcon__icon {
+      width: var(--lg-button-size);
+      height: var(--lg-button-size);
+      background-color: var(--island-bg-color);
+      box-shadow: var(--shadow-island);
+    }
+
+    // no shadow while pen mode is active (the active fill is enough)
+    .ToolIcon_type_checkbox:checked + .ToolIcon__icon {
+      box-shadow: none;
+    }
+  }
+
   .disable-view-mode {
     display: flex;
     justify-content: center;

packages/excalidraw/components/LayerUI.tsx

@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ const DefaultMainMenu: React.FC<{
         <MainMenu.DefaultItems.Socials />
       </MainMenu.Group>
       <MainMenu.Separator />
-      <MainMenu.DefaultItems.ToggleTheme />
+      <MainMenu.DefaultItems.ToggleTheme allowSystemTheme={false} />
       <MainMenu.DefaultItems.ChangeCanvasBackground />
     </MainMenu>
   );
@@ -235,8 +235,6 @@ const LayerUI = ({
   );
 
   const renderSelectedShapeActions = () => {
-    const isCompactMode = isCompactStylesPanel;
-
     return (
       <Section
         heading="selectedShapeActions"
@@ -244,7 +242,7 @@ const LayerUI = ({
           "transition-left": appState.zenModeEnabled,
         })}
       >
-        {isCompactMode ? (
+        {isCompactStylesPanel ? (
           <Island
             className={clsx("compact-shape-actions-island")}
             padding={0}
@@ -312,6 +310,23 @@ const LayerUI = ({
             >
               {shouldRenderSelectedShapeActions && renderSelectedShapeActions()}
             </div>
+            {/* in compact UI the pen mode button lives outside the toolbar, as
+                a separate floating button below the compact actions menu
+                (same as we render it on mobile); shown alongside the compact
+                actions island, i.e. when a drawing tool or elements are
+                selected */}
+            {isCompactStylesPanel &&
+              !appState.viewModeEnabled &&
+              shouldRenderSelectedShapeActions && (
+                <PenModeButton
+                  zenModeEnabled={appState.zenModeEnabled}
+                  checked={appState.penMode}
+                  onChange={() => onPenModeToggle(null)}
+                  title={t("toolBar.penMode")}
+                  isMobile
+                  penDetected={appState.penDetected}
+                />
+              )}
           </Stack.Col>
           {!appState.viewModeEnabled &&
             appState.openDialog?.name !== "elementLinkSelector" && (
@@ -343,13 +358,18 @@ const LayerUI = ({
                           />
                           {heading}
                           <Stack.Row gap={spacing.toolbarInnerRowGap}>
-                            <PenModeButton
-                              zenModeEnabled={appState.zenModeEnabled}
-                              checked={appState.penMode}
-                              onChange={() => onPenModeToggle(null)}
-                              title={t("toolBar.penMode")}
-                              penDetected={appState.penDetected}
-                            />
+                            {/* in compact UI the pen mode button is rendered
+                                as a separate floating button below the compact
+                                actions menu */}
+                            {!isCompactStylesPanel && (
+                              <PenModeButton
+                                zenModeEnabled={appState.zenModeEnabled}
+                                checked={appState.penMode}
+                                onChange={() => onPenModeToggle(null)}
+                                title={t("toolBar.penMode")}
+                                penDetected={appState.penDetected}
+                              />
+                            )}
                             <LockButton
                               checked={appState.activeTool.locked}
                               onChange={onLockToggle}
@@ -650,8 +670,7 @@ const LayerUI = ({
 };
 
 const stripIrrelevantAppStateProps = (appState: AppState): UIAppState => {
-  const { startBoundElement, cursorButton, scrollX, scrollY, ...ret } =
-    appState;
+  const { cursorButton, scrollX, scrollY, ...ret } = appState;
   return ret;
 };
 

packages/excalidraw/components/LibraryMenuItems.tsx

@@ -199,6 +199,7 @@ export default function LibraryMenuItems({
             type: "everything",
             elements: item.elements,
             randomizeSeed: true,
+            preserveFrameChildrenOrder: true,
           }).duplicatedElements,
         };
       });

packages/excalidraw/components/RadioGroup.scss

@@ -26,13 +26,17 @@
     background: var(--RadioGroup-background);
     border: 1px solid var(--RadioGroup-border);
 
+    gap: 2px;
+
     &__choice {
+      box-sizing: content-box;
       position: relative;
       display: flex;
       align-items: center;
       justify-content: center;
-      width: 32px;
+      min-width: 20px;
       height: 24px;
+      padding: 0 0.375rem;
 
       color: var(--RadioGroup-choice-color-off);
       background: var(--RadioGroup-choice-background-off);
@@ -47,13 +51,11 @@
       user-select: none;
       letter-spacing: 0.4px;
 
-      transition: all 75ms ease-out;
-
       &:hover {
         color: var(--RadioGroup-choice-color-off-hover);
       }
 
-      &:active {
+      &:not(.active):active {
         background: var(--RadioGroup-choice-background-off-active);
       }
 

packages/excalidraw/components/Range.tsx

@@ -1,74 +1,78 @@
 import React, { useEffect } from "react";
 
-import { t } from "../i18n";
-
 import "./Range.scss";
 
-import type { AppClassProperties } from "../types";
-
 export type RangeProps = {
-  updateData: (value: number) => void;
-  app: AppClassProperties;
+  label: React.ReactNode;
+  value: number;
+  onChange: (value: number) => void;
+  min?: number;
+  max?: number;
+  step?: number;
+  minLabel?: React.ReactNode;
+  hasCommonValue?: boolean;
   testId?: string;
 };
 
-export const Range = ({ updateData, app, testId }: RangeProps) => {
+export const Range = ({
+  label,
+  value,
+  onChange,
+  min = 0,
+  max = 100,
+  step = 10,
+  minLabel = min,
+  hasCommonValue = true,
+  testId,
+}: RangeProps) => {
   const rangeRef = React.useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null);
   const valueRef = React.useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
-  const selectedElements = app.scene.getSelectedElements(app.state);
-  let hasCommonOpacity = true;
-  const firstElement = selectedElements.at(0);
-  const leastCommonOpacity = selectedElements.reduce((acc, element) => {
-    if (acc != null && acc !== element.opacity) {
-      hasCommonOpacity = false;
-    }
-    if (acc == null || acc > element.opacity) {
-      return element.opacity;
-    }
-    return acc;
-  }, firstElement?.opacity ?? null);
-
-  const value = leastCommonOpacity ?? app.state.currentItemOpacity;
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (rangeRef.current && valueRef.current) {
       const rangeElement = rangeRef.current;
       const valueElement = valueRef.current;
       const inputWidth = rangeElement.offsetWidth;
-      const thumbWidth = 15; // 15 is the width of the thumb
+      const thumbWidth =
+        parseFloat(
+          getComputedStyle(rangeElement).getPropertyValue(
+            "--slider-thumb-size",
+          ),
+        ) || 16;
+      const progress = ((value - min) / (max - min || 1)) * 100;
       const position =
-        (value / 100) * (inputWidth - thumbWidth) + thumbWidth / 2;
+        (progress / 100) * (inputWidth - thumbWidth) + thumbWidth / 2;
       valueElement.style.left = `${position}px`;
-      rangeElement.style.background = `linear-gradient(to right, var(--color-slider-track) 0%, var(--color-slider-track) ${value}%, var(--button-bg) ${value}%, var(--button-bg) 100%)`;
+      rangeElement.style.background = `linear-gradient(to right, var(--color-slider-track) 0%, var(--color-slider-track) ${progress}%, var(--button-bg) ${progress}%, var(--button-bg) 100%)`;
     }
-  }, [value]);
+  }, [max, min, value]);
 
   return (
     <label className="control-label">
-      {t("labels.opacity")}
+      {label}
       <div className="range-wrapper">
         <input
           style={{
-            ["--color-slider-track" as string]: hasCommonOpacity
+            ["--color-slider-track" as string]: hasCommonValue
               ? undefined
               : "var(--button-bg)",
           }}
           ref={rangeRef}
           type="range"
-          min="0"
-          max="100"
-          step="10"
+          min={min}
+          max={max}
+          step={step}
           onChange={(event) => {
-            updateData(+event.target.value);
+            onChange(+event.target.value);
           }}
           value={value}
           className="range-input"
           data-testid={testId}
         />
         <div className="value-bubble" ref={valueRef}>
-          {value !== 0 ? value : null}
+          {value !== min ? value : null}
         </div>
-        <div className="zero-label">0</div>
+        <div className="zero-label">{minLabel}</div>
       </div>
     </label>
   );

packages/excalidraw/components/SVGLayer.tsx

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { useEffect, useRef } from "react";
 
 import "./SVGLayer.scss";
 
-import type { Trail } from "../animated-trail";
+import type { Trail } from "../animatedTrail";
 
 type SVGLayerProps = {
   trails: Trail[];

packages/excalidraw/components/Stats/Dimension.tsx

@@ -206,7 +206,6 @@ const handleDimensionChange: DragInputCallbackType<
           scene.getElementsIncludingDeleted(),
           nextElementsInFrame,
           latestElement,
-          app,
         );
 
         scene.replaceAllElements(updatedElements);
@@ -302,7 +301,6 @@ const handleDragFinished: DragFinishedCallbackType = ({
       app.scene.getElementsIncludingDeleted(),
       nextElementsInFrame,
       latestElement,
-      app,
     );
 
     app.scene.replaceAllElements(updatedElements);

packages/excalidraw/components/Stats/MultiDimension.tsx

@@ -261,7 +261,6 @@ const handleDimensionChange: DragInputCallbackType<
               scene.getElementsIncludingDeleted(),
               nextElementsInFrame,
               latestElement,
-              app,
             );
 
             scene.replaceAllElements(updatedElements);
@@ -416,7 +415,6 @@ const handleDragFinished: DragFinishedCallbackType = ({
       app.scene.getElementsIncludingDeleted(),
       nextElementsInFrame,
       latestElement,
-      app,
     );
 
     app.scene.replaceAllElements(updatedElements);